Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1.
A, The location of the visual cortex and anterior cingulate cortex voxels. B, The difference spectrum from a MEGA-PRESS GABA editing sequence acquired from the visual cortex. The thicker line segment indicates the frequency range used for peak integration of the GABA signal. C, The LCModel fit of an off-resonance spectrum from a MEGA-PRESS GABA editing sequence acquired from the visual cortex and used to calculate the glutamate signal in Study 1. D, The LCModel fit of a PRESS acquisition from the anterior cingulate cortex with TE = 144 ms. E, The LCModel fit of a PRESS acquisition from the visual cortex with TE = 144 ms. F, The LCModel fit of a PRESS acquisition from the visual cortex with TE = 30 ms. For C through F, the model fit (heavy line) is superimposed on the raw spectral data (fine line) above the estimated baseline (fine undulating line). The raw data line is extensively overlapped by the fit line, but is discernable at some parts per million values (e.g., above the fit line at ∼2.7 ppm and below the fit line at ∼2.5 ppm in D). The residual (fit − raw data) is shown at the top of each panel.
- Figure 2.
The mean and SEM of the percentage change in GABA/creatine or glutamate/creatine ratio from the baseline to the postexercise measurements. A, The percentage change in GABA/creatine (solid) and glutamate/creatine (dashed) ratios measured in the visual cortex with a MEGA-PRESS editing sequence in Study 1 (N = 8). B, The percentage change in glutamate/creatine ratio measured in the anterior cingulate cortex (solid; N = 8) and the visual cortex (dashed; N = 8) at TE = 144 ms in Study 2. C, The percentage change in glutamate/creatine ratio measured in the visual cortex in eight subjects at TE = 30 ms (solid line) and TE = 144 ms (long dashes; Study 3). Also shown is the percentage change in glutamate/creatine ratio measured in the visual cortex in six sedentary control subjects (short dashes) at TE = 144 ms in the Control Study. These subjects followed all procedures as in Studies 2 and 3, but did not exercise.
Tables
S Age M/F (n) BMI IPAQ %PMHR MaxW MaxRPE MRS onset 1 25.8 ± 6.4 3/5 24.0 ± 2.7 98.7 ± 109 85.5 ± 4.3 168 ± 43 6.4 ± 1.4 14.6 ± 2.4 2V 28.1 ± 9.9 2/6 23.6 ± 2.7 36.4 ± 15.4 94.3 ± 7.3 189 ± 63 7.7 ± 0.9 12.8 ± 0.8 2A 28.1 ± 10.7 2/6 23.3 ± 2.2 66.8 ± 53.6 93.5 ± 8.7 179 ± 58 8.2 ± 1.2 13.3 ± 2.0 3 26.6 ± 7.5 6/2 23.0 ± 1.7 61.6 ± 47.4 89.3 ± 5.3 161 ± 44 7.5 ± 0.5 15.3 ± 1.1 Con 26.2 ± 5.4 3/3 22.2 ± 3.1 60.5 ± 36.8 39.6 ± 4.5 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 15.3 ± 1.4 Values are reported as the mean ± SD, unless otherwise indicated. S, Study; V, visual cortex; A, anterior cingulate cortex; Con, control; M, male; F, female; BMI, body mass index; %PMHR, % of predicted maximum heart rate achieved during exercise; MaxW, maximum watts of exertion; MaxRPE, maximum rating of perceived exertion on a 0–10 scale (Noble et al. 1983); MRS onset, minutes after end of exercise when MRS data collection began.
S Region, TE, Glut or GABA Baseline, mean (SD) 1st Post ex, mean (SD) % Increase, mean (SD) Effect size (d) Statistical test (t or F) 1 V1, 68 ms, GABA/Cr 0.156 (0.011) 0.167 (0.007) 6.8% (5.9%) 1.35 t(7) = 3.82, p = 0.003 V1, 68 ms, Glut/Cr 0.662 (0.060) 0.682 (0.061) 3.1% (2.5%) 1.23 t(7) = 3.57, p = 0.005 2 V1, 144 ms, Glut/Cr 0.546 (0.045) 0.573 (0.045) 5.2% (6.8%) 0.78 R: F(1,14) = 35.9, p < 0.001 ACC, 144 ms, Glut/Cr 0.741 (0.090) 0.779 (0.081) 5.2% (3.5%) 1.48 X: F(1,14) = 18.2, p < 0.001 R × X: F(1,14) = 0.4, NS 3 V1, 144 ms, Glut/Cr 0.565 (0.059) 0.593 (0.052) 5.5% (7.0%) 0.76 E: F(1,7) = 185.0, p < 0.001 V1, 30 ms, Glut/Cr 1.073 (0.159) 1.141 (0.157) 6.9% (9.1%) 0.82 X: F(1,7) = 8.78, p < 0.021 E × X: F(1,7) = 1.52, NS Con V1, 144 ms, Glut/Cr 0.602 (0.062) 0.581 (0.057) −3.3% (6.5%) −0.50 t(5) = −1.22, NS S, Study; Con, control; Glut, glutamate; Cr, creatine plus phosphocreatine; 1st Post Ex, first MRS measurement following exercise; Effect size, calculated as mean (Post Ex − Baseline)/SD (Post ex − Baseline); R, main effect for brain region; X, main effect for pre-exercise vs postexercise; E, main effect for TE.
