How the Level of Reward Awareness Changes the Computational and Electrophysiological Signatures of Reinforcement Learning

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¹Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, 1018 WT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands,
²Amsterdam Brain and Cognition (ABC), University of Amsterdam, 1001 NK, Amsterdam, The Netherlands,
³Department of Basic Psychology, School of Psychology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China,
⁴Département d'Études Cognitives, École Normale Supérieure, 75005 Paris, France,
⁵Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, 75005 Paris, France,
⁶Université de Recherche Paris Sciences et Lettres, 75006, Paris, France,
⁷Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands,
⁸Center for Research in Experimental Economics and Political Decision Making, Amsterdam School of Economics, University of Amsterdam, 1001 NJ Amsterdam, The Netherlands, and
⁹Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen, 6500 HE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Author contributions: C.M.C.C., M.X.C., and S.v.G. designed research; C.M.C.C. and S.N. performed research; M.L. contributed unpublished reagents/analytic tools; C.M.C.C., S.N., J.J., S.P., M.L., and S.v.G. analyzed data; C.M.C.C., M.X.C., M.L., and S.v.G. wrote the paper.

↵*M.L. and S.v.G. are co-senior authors.
This work was supported by grants from the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO VENI 451-11-007) and the European Research Council (ERC starting grant, 715605, consciousness) awarded to S.v.G. M.L. is supported by the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO VENI 451-15-015). C.M.C.C is supported by the Brazilian Science Without Borders program. JJ is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 31600874).
The authors declare no competing financial interests.
Correspondence should be addressed to either Simon van Gaal or Maël Lebreton, Nieuwe Achtergracht 129 B, REC G, Room G0.012, Ground floor, Postbus 15900, 1001 NK, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, simonvangaal{at}gmail.com or mael.lebreton{at}gmail.com

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