Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1.
a, Those regions showing significantly greater GMV in 14-year-olds reporting one or two instances of cannabis use than in matched controls (pFWE < 0.05). From left to right, slices are taken from anterior (y = −18) to posterior (y = 72) in 15 mm increments. The left hemisphere is to the right of the image. b, Outlines of anatomical regions (AAL atlas) superimposed on a binarized mask of the voxels showing significantly greater GMV in 14-year-olds reporting one or two instances of cannabis use than in matched controls (pFWE < 0.05). For clarity, only those regions for which at least 10% of their volume was included in the significant clusters are represented. From left to right, slices are taken from anterior (y = −18) to posterior (y = 72) in 15 mm increments. The left hemisphere is to the right of the image. c, Outlines of striatal subregions (Oxford-GSK-Imanova structural striatal atlas; Tziortzi et al., 2011) superimposed on a binarized mask of the voxels showing significantly greater GMV in 14-year-olds reporting one or two instances of cannabis use than in matched controls (pFWE < 0.05). From left to right, slices are taken from inferior (z = −10) to superior (z = 8) in 6 mm increments. The left hemisphere is to the right of the image.
- Figure 2.
Distribution of Average GMV in the regions showing significantly different GMV between those 14-year-olds reporting one or two instances of cannabis use and matched controls.
- Figure 3.
Inverse correlations were observed between PRIQ and normalized GMV in the left (r(41) = −0.411, pcorr = 0.037) and right (r(41) = −0.457, pcorr = 0.012) temporal clusters for those participants reporting one or two instances of cannabis use.
- Figure 4.
An inverse correlation was observed between normalized GMV in the left temporal cluster and contemporaneous pegboard performance in those participants reporting one or two instances of cannabis use (r(39) = −0.454, pcorr = 0.030).
- Figure 5.
Associations between normalized GMV in the right temporal cluster at baseline and Generalized Anxiety Disorder DAWBA band scores at follow-up. For those participants reporting one or two instances of cannabis use at baseline, those with DAWBA band scores of zero at follow-up had significantly lower GMV at baseline than those with DAWBA band scores of 1 or greater at follow-up (U = 43, pcorr = 0.009).
Tables
- Table 1.
Demographic characteristics of Cohort 1, those 14 year olds reporting 1 or 2 instances of cannabis use (n = 46) and matched controls (n = 46)
Variable Cannabis Control Statistic Mean Age 14.60 14.51 t(90) = 1.06 PDS 3.04 2.95 t(90) = 0.846 VCI 108.33 108.20 t(90) = 0.042 PRI 102.85 103.77 t(90) = 0.345 SES 18.80 18.72 t(90) = 0.091 Total GMV, mm3 74,2955.12 72,8559.92 t(90) = 1.03 Lifetime alcohol consumption 3.46 3.52 t(90) = 0.214 Lifetime nicotine consumption 2.54 2.59 t(90) = 0.101 Average age of first cannabis use 13.83 years Summary Sex 65% male 48% male U = 874 Handedness 87% right handed 87% right handed U = 1058 Site 1 3 2 U = 1081 Site 2 12 7 U = 1173 Site 3 4 1 U = 1127 Site 4 6 8 U = 1012 Site 5 7 8 U = 1035 Site 6 3 8 U = 943 Site 7 11 12 U = 1035 Site 8 0 0 No. reporting cannabis use in the past 30 d (%) 10 (21.74) No. reporting cannabis use in the past 7 d (%) 6 (13.04) - Table 2.
Demographic characteristics for those members of Cohort 1 for whom specific substance use, psychopathology, and cognitive measures were available at 16 year old follow-up
Substance use (n = 31) Psychopathology (n = 33) Delay discounting (n = 31) Mean Age 14.60 14.60 14.58 PDS 3.04 3.04 3.03 VCI 110.19 110.31 110.46 PRI 103.91 103.36 103.87 SES 19.01 19.47 19.40 Total GMV, mm3 74,2793.69 74,1208.83 74,2428.43 Lifetime alcohol consumption 3.61 3.64 3.61 Lifetime nicotine consumption 2.48 2.45 2.39 Summary Sex, % 61 male 61 male 61 male Handedness, % 90 right handed 88 right handed 87 right handed - Table 3.
Demographic characteristics of Cohort 2, those 16 year olds who were abstinent for cannabis use at baseline (age 14) but reported 10 or more instances of cannabis use by age 16 (n = 69) and matched controls (n = 69)
Variable Cannabis Control Statistic Mean Age 14.43 14.50 t(136) = 0.944 PDS 2.80 2.79 t(136) = 0.290 VCI 112.48 110.29 t(136) = 0.859 PRI 109.16 108.26 t(136) = 0.367 SES 17.97 17.42 t(136) = 0.835 Total GMV, mm3 75,5082.71 74,7752.65 t(136) = 0.647 Lifetime alcohol consumption 2.33 2.29 t(136) = 0.166 Lifetime nicotine consumption 1.33 1.16 t(136) = 0.577 Average age of first cannabis use, y 14.97 Summary Sex 74% male 70% male U = 2277 Handedness 93% right handed 91% right handed U = 2346 Site 1 3 7 U = 2242.5 Site 2 11 9 U = 2449.5 Site 3 4 3 U = 2415 Site 4 8 6 U = 2449.5 Site 5 11 10 U = 2415 Site 6 8 13 U = 2208 Site 7 15 10 U = 2553 Site 8 9 11 U = 2311.5 - Table 4.
Those regions showing significantly greater GMV in 14 year olds reporting 1 or 2 instances of cannabis use than in matched controls
Anatomical region (AAL) No. of significant voxels Anatomical region implicated, % Cluster 1: left temporal (Vol. 4968 vox; 16,767 μl; F(1,80) = 8.88, pcorr = 0.008; peak voxel −55, −2, −14) Frontal lobe Olfactory cortex 136 20.57 Gyrus rectus 48 2.33 Superior frontal gyrus (pars orbitalis) 29 1.34 Inferior frontal gyrus (pars orbitalis) 39 0.95 Temporal lobe Superior temporal gyrus 420 7.87 Middle temporal gyrus 164 1.38 Heschl's gyrus 3 0.55 Superior temporal pole 13 0.43 Rolandic operculum 5 0.21 Inferior temporal gyrus 5 0.07 Subcortical Amygdala 382 74.17 Hippocampus 777 35.63 Putamen 503 21.13 Pallidum 126 18.13 Insula 640 14.79 ParaHippocampal gyrus 202 8.56 Caudate 92 4.08 Cluster 2: Right temporal (Vol. 3710 vox; 12,491 μl); F(1,80) = 5.88, pcorr = 0.018; peak voxel 30, −11, −27) Temporal lobe Heschl's gyrus 68 11.62 Superior temporal gyrus 50 0.67 Superior temporal pole 17 0.54 Subcortical Amygdala 439 73.91 Hippocampus 746 33.13 Pallidum 172 26.46 Putamen 564 22.20 Parahippocampal gyrus 410 15.61 Insula 185 4.39 Cluster 3: Bilateral Posterior (Vol. 4959 vox; 16,737 μl); F(1,80) = 14.32, pcorr = 8.0 × 10−4; peak voxel −24, −59, 3) Temporal lobe Fusiform gyrus (L) 283 5.18 Fusiform gyrus (R) 114 1.91 Parietal lobe Posterior cingulate (R) 59 7.98 Posterior cingulate (L) 22 1.97 Precuneus (R) 268 3.45 Precuneus (L) 212 2.55 Occipital lobe Lingual gyrus (R) 1158 21.14 Lingual gyrus (L) 818 16.01 Calcarine (L) 269 5.16 Calcarine (R) 79 1.87 Cerebellum Cerebellar vermis (4 5) 258 17.61 Cerebellar lobule 4 5 (R) 308 14.62 Cerebellar lobule 6 (L) 332 8.20 Cerebellar lobule 6 (R) 265 6.18 Cerebellar lobule 4 5 (L) 156 5.80 Cerebellar vermis (6) 7 0.88 Crus cerebellum1 (L) 8 0.13 - Table 5.
The number of ventral striatum voxels (and percentage of total anatomical volume) showing significantly greater GMV in 14 year olds reporting 1 or 2 instances of cannabis use than in matched controls
No. of significant voxels Anatomical region implicated, % Ventral striatum, left 131 30.32 Ventral striatum, right 226 54.72 - Table 6.
Those regions showing significantly greater GMV in 14 year olds reporting 1 or 2 instances of cannabis use than in matched controls, when controlling for agoraphobia and sensation seeking
Region Vol Peak voxel Left temporal 4836 vox (16,321 μl) −55, −2, −14 F(1,76) = 8.018, pcorr = 0.011 Right temporal 3425 vox (11,559 μl) 30, −11, −27 F(1,76) = 6.026, pcorr = 0.016 Bilateral posterior/inferior parietal 4907 vox (16,561 μl) −24, −59, 3 F(1,76) = 12.718, pcorr = 0.002 Left inferior temporal gyrus 603 vox (2,038 μl) −50, −9, −42 F(1,76) = 12.755, pcorr = 0.002 - Table 7.
No significant GMV differences were observed at baseline between those participants who were abstinent for cannabis use at age 14 but reported at least 10 instances of use by age 16 and matched controls (i.e., Cohort 2) in those regions defined in Cohort 1
Region Vol Peak voxel Left temporal 4968 vox (16,767 μl) −55, −2, −14 F(1,125) = 3.026, pcorr = 0.252 Right temporal 3710 vox (12,491 μl) 30, −11, −27 F(1,125) = 5.626, pcorr = 0.057 Bilateral posterior/inferior parietal 4959 vox (16,737 μl) −24, −59, 3 F(1,125) = 0.021, pcorr ≈ 1
Table 1-1
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Table 1-2
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Table 1-3
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