Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1.
Experimental design. A, Design of the in-laboratory repeated-measures counterbalanced study involving one night of sleep deprivation and one night of sleep, followed by an fMRI scanning session involving a pain-evoking task. B, Design of the online study involving daily sleep diaries for two consecutive nights tracking habitual variations in sleep time, followed later by daily pain assessment.
- Figure 2.
Thermal pain threshold. Following sleep deprivation, there was an increase in pain sensitivity demonstrated by a significant lowering of pain thresholds, relative to sleep-rested. Sleep-deprived mean ± SD = 42.47 ± 3.22°C; Sleep-rested mean ± SD = 43.89 ± 3.49°C. *p < 0.0002.
- Figure 3.
Changes in pain-related brain activity. Data are mean ± SD. A–C, Brain maps (left) displaying pain-related ROIs that were significantly altered by sleep deprivation, relative to sleep-rested (all FDR-corrected). Bar plots represent brain activity (Pain > No Pain) contrast estimates. Somatosensory: sleep-deprived mean = 0.09 ± 0.34; sleep-rested mean = −0.34 ± 0.46. NAcc: sleep-deprived mean = 0.02 ± 0.18; sleep-rested mean = 0.19 ± 0.21. Thalamus: sleep-deprived mean = −0.21 ± 0.81; sleep-rested mean = 0.79 ± 1.06. Anterior insula: sleep-deprived mean = 0.12 ± 0.82; sleep-rested mean = 0.79 ± 0.8. Middle insula: sleep-deprived mean = 0.08 ± 0.12; sleep-rested mean = 0.21 ± 0.17. Error bars indicate SEM. *p < 0.005. Nucleus Accumbens (NAcc); Anterior and middle insula (A. Insula and M. Insula, respectively). Threshold for display set to p < 0.005 (whole-brain, uncorrected).
- Figure 4.
Pain reactivity and subjective pain sensitivity. Scatterplot represents significant positive correlation between sleep loss-related increases in (A) somatosensory and (B) thalamic pain reactivity (Pain > No Pain), and the sleep loss-related increases in subjective pain sensitivity (change in pain threshold). Threshold for display set to p < 0.005 (whole-brain, uncorrected).
- Figure 5.
Online study results. Data are mean ± SD. Bar graph represents participants experiencing a decrease (red bar) or increase (black) in measures of sleep efficiency (SE) (Night 2 to Night 1 mean decreased SE = −3.8 ± 5.6%; Night 2 to Night 1 mean increased SE = 10.1 ± 11.1%), quality (SQ) (Night 2 to Night 1 mean decreased SQ = −0.48 ± 0.75; Night 2 to Night 1 mean increased SQ = 1.7 ± 0.81), and duration (Night 2 to Night 1 mean decreased duration = −54.375 ± 45.7 min; Night 2 to Night 1 mean increased duration = 90.7 ± 48.9 min). Error bars indicate SEM. Each point represents a single-subject's change in reported pain from day 1 to day 2. Night-to-night decreases in sleep efficiency and quality, but not duration, resulted in corresponding higher pain from one day to the next, relative to those with night-to-night increases in these sleep measures. *p < 0.05.
Tables
Region (L/R) Radius (mm) x y z p r Sleep deprivation > sleep-rested Somatosensory (R)b 8 36 −45 59 0.004 0.55 Dorsal ACC (R) 8 16 −7 39 0.02 0.04 Superior parietal (R) 5 26 −42 66 0.51 −0.04 Sleep-rested > sleep-deprived Middle insula (R)b 8 32 4 11 0.0005 −0.02 Thalamus (L)b 4 −10 6 10 0.005 −0.54 Anterior insula (L)b 8 −27 25 0 0.005 0.24 NAccb 6 ±9 2 −7 0.005 0.23 Operculum (R) 5 57 1 5 0.04 −0.36 Substantia nigra (R) 4 10 −8 12 0.09 −0.31 Caudate 4 ±18 −2 24 0.38 −0.32 IFG (R) 4 64 24 −6 0.47 −0.47 Middle cingulate/SMA 10 6 −6 48 0.48 0.01 Precuneus (R) 4 4 −54 48 0.60 0.32 ACC (R) 6 12 28 28 0.63 0.36 DLPFC (R) 8 33 35 42 0.90 0.10 ↵aBrain ROI analysis showing radius, MNI coordinates, and p and r values of extracted spheres. r, Pearson correlations between pain-related brain changes (sleep-deprived vs sleep-rested) and changes in thermal pain threshold (sleep-rested vs sleep-deprived). ACC, Anterior cingulate cortex; IFG, inferior frontal gyrus; SMA, supplementary motor area; DLPFC, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.
↵bSignificant, following FDR correction, for paired comparison (sleep-rested </> sleep-deprived) of pain-related brain activity.
