Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1.
Polar angle and eccentricity maps are qualitatively similar in girls with TS and sex- and age-matched controls. A, Polar angle maps on the right visual cortex from an example 11-year-old girl with TS and an example 11-year-old typically developing girl. Color wheel represents polar angle. B, Eccentricity maps in the same subjects. Color wheel represents eccentricity. Lines along the visual cortex were drawn marking the boundaries of visual maps: V1, V2 dorsal and ventral, and V3 dorsal and ventral. Polar angle maps (C) and eccentricity maps (D) in the right hemisphere of all participants. Top, TS. Bottom, Controls. Maps represent the central 10° and are thresholded at 5% variance explained, voxel-level.
- Figure 2.
Visual maps differ in size and pRF differ in eccentricity between TS and controls. A, Mean cortical volume of V1, V2, and V3 in TS (red) (n = 20) and controls (blue) (n = 22). B, Mean population receptive field (pRF) size in TS versus controls. C, Mean pRF eccentricity in TS versus controls. A–C, Boxplots represent the following information. Black horizontal line indicates median. Box represents interquartile range. Vertical lines indicate maximum and minimum scores, which are no more than 1.5 times the interquartile range. *p < 0.05, significant differences between groups. D, pRF size versus eccentricity relationship in TS and controls. The line of best fit (solid line) and the SE (dashed line) indicate the relationship between pRF eccentricity and size in units of degrees of visual angle (dva). Fits are calculated in each participant; slopes and intercepts are then averaged across participants.
- Figure 3.
Visual field coverage is qualitatively similar in girls with Turner Syndrome and controls. Visual field coverage of V1–V3 computed using the average maximum pRF density coverage for each subject and then averaged across subjects from each group. Maps are shown for the left and right hemisphere data. Top, Turner Syndrome. Bottom, Controls. Inner to outermost ring segments correspond to 3.4, 6.7, and 10 degrees of visual angle (dva), respectively. Color bar represents average maximum pRF coverage.
- Figure 4.
Peripheral pRFs differ between girls with TS and controls. A, Location of pRF centers in the visual field from bilateral V1–V3 is plotted for Turner Syndrome (red) and controls (blue). Each dot represents a voxel. Visual evaluation suggests that the coverage in the peripheral visual field in Turner Syndrome is sparser compared with controls. B, Mean number of pRF centers in 0°–4.99°,5°–9.99°, and 10°–15° bands compared between TS and controls. *p < 0.05, significant differences between groups. C, kernel density estimation (KDE) of pRF centers' location in the visual field for controls (left) and Turner Syndrome (right).
- Figure 5.
Picture Puzzles performance is negatively correlated with pRF size in Turner Syndrome. Left, Boxplots represent performance in the Picture Puzzles task in 18 Turner Syndrome (red) and 22 control (blue) participants. Right, Pearson correlation quantifying the relationship between participants' scores in the Picture Puzzles task and their pRF size, separately for Turner Syndrome (red) and control (blue) groups. Each dot represents a participant. Shaded area represents 95% confidence interval (CI) for each group. Each panel represents a visual area. Top, Correlation between performance and pRF size. Bottom, Correlation between performance and eccentricity.
Tables
TS Controls p No. of participants 20 22 — Age, yr 10.3 (2.0) 10.4 (1.9) NS Age range, yr 7.0–13.1 7.0–13.8 — Sex Female Female — Tanner stageb pubic (breast) pubic (breast) NS ≤2, 17 (20) 16 (17) — 3 3 (1) 3 (2) — 4 0 (0) 3 (3) — 5 0 (0) 0 (0) — FSIQ 96.0 (12.3) 116.9 (10.9) <0.001 VCI 105.5 (13.1) 117 (13.6) <0.01 PRI 97.3 (13.8) 115.4 (11.3) <0.001 PSI 88.8 (15.9) 105.9 (15.4) <0.01 WMI 91.4 (12.0) 109.4 (13.7) <0.001 Picture Puzzles scaledc 6.9 (3.5) 10.6 (3.7) <0.01 ↵aValues are mean ± SD. Welch two-sample t test was used to assess significance between groups. FSIQ, Full-Scale Intelligence Quotient; VCI, Verbal Comprehension Index; PRI, Perceptual Reasoning Index; PSI, Processing Speed Intelligence; WMI, Working Memory Intelligence.
↵bp = 0.38 for pubic hair and p = 0.08 for breast development on Tanner stages of development for females (Fisher's Exact Test, given the small number of participants with Tanner Stages 3 and 4).
↵cn = 18 for the TS group.
