Figure 3. Reactive and proactive inhibition invokes distinct cortico-basal-ganglia pathways within the putative response inhibition neural network. A, Global suppression of motor output via the hyperdirect pathway (blue) produces a large stopping interference effect when stopping is ambiguous (uninformative partial-stop). B, Targeted suppression of motor output via the indirect pathway (orange) produces less stopping interference when selective stopping can be prepared (informative partial-stop). A, B, Stopping interference is indicated by the overshoot of the left indicator relative to target (i.e., late response time). Pointed and flat arrowheads represent excitatory and inhibitory pathways, respectively. Dashed arrows indicate possible interactions. M1, Primary motor cortex; preSMA, presupplementary motor area; rIFC, right inferior frontal cortex; VL Thal, ventrolateral thalamus; GPe, globus pallidus externus; GPi, globus pallidus internus; SNr, substantia nigra; STN, subthalamic nucleus.