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Research Articles, Neurobiology of Disease

Chronic Cortical Inflammation, Cognitive Impairment, and Immune Reactivity Associated with Diffuse Brain Injury Are Ameliorated by Forced Turnover of Microglia

Chelsea E. Bray, Kristina G. Witcher, Dunni Adekunle-Adegbite, Michelle Ouvina, Mollie Witzel, Emma Hans, Zoe M. Tapp, Jonathan Packer, Ethan Goodman, Fangli Zhao, Titikorn Chunchai, Shane O'Neil, Siriporn C. Chattipakorn, John Sheridan, Olga N. Kokiko-Cochran, Candice Askwith and Jonathan P. Godbout
Journal of Neuroscience 18 May 2022, 42 (20) 4215-4228; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1910-21.2022
Chelsea E. Bray
1Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
3Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
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Kristina G. Witcher
1Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
3Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
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Dunni Adekunle-Adegbite
3Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
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Michelle Ouvina
3Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
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Mollie Witzel
3Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
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Emma Hans
3Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
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Zoe M. Tapp
1Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
3Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
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Jonathan Packer
1Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
3Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
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Ethan Goodman
1Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
3Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
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Fangli Zhao
1Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
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Titikorn Chunchai
4Neurophysiology unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
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Shane O'Neil
1Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
3Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
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Siriporn C. Chattipakorn
4Neurophysiology unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
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John Sheridan
1Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
3Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
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Olga N. Kokiko-Cochran
1Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
2Chronic Brain Injury Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
3Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
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Candice Askwith
1Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
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Jonathan P. Godbout
1Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
2Chronic Brain Injury Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
3Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
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Abstract

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is associated with an increased risk of cognitive, psychiatric, and neurodegenerative complications that may develop after injury. Increased microglial reactivity following TBI may underlie chronic neuroinflammation, neuropathology, and exaggerated responses to immune challenges. Therefore, the goal of this study was to force turnover of trauma-associated microglia that develop after diffuse TBI and determine whether this alleviated chronic inflammation, improved functional recovery and attenuated reduced immune reactivity to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge. Male mice received a midline fluid percussion injury (mFPI) and 7 d later were subjected to a forced microglia turnover paradigm using CSF1R antagonism (PLX5622). At 30 d postinjury (dpi), cortical gene expression, dendritic complexity, myelin content, neuronal connectivity, cognition, and immune reactivity were assessed. Myriad neuropathology-related genes were increased 30 dpi in the cortex, and 90% of these gene changes were reversed by microglial turnover. Reduced neuronal connectivity was evident 30 dpi and these deficits were attenuated by microglial turnover. TBI-associated dendritic remodeling and myelin alterations, however, remained 30 dpi independent of microglial turnover. In assessments of functional recovery, increased depressive-like behavior, and cognitive impairment 30 dpi were ameliorated by microglia turnover. To investigate microglial priming and reactivity 30 dpi, mice were injected intraperitoneally with LPS. This immune challenge caused prolonged lethargy, sickness behavior, and microglial reactivity in the TBI mice. These extended complications with LPS in TBI mice were prevented by microglia turnover. Collectively, microglial turnover 7 dpi alleviated behavioral and cognitive impairments associated with microglial priming and immune reactivity 30 dpi.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT A striking feature of traumatic brain injury (TBI), even mild injuries, is that over 70% of individuals have long-term neuropsychiatric complications. Chronic inflammatory processes are implicated in the pathology of these complications and these issues can be exaggerated by immune challenge. Therefore, our goal was to force the turnover of microglia 7 d after TBI. This subacute 7 d postinjury (dpi) time point is a critical transitional period in the shift toward chronic inflammatory processes and microglia priming. This forced microglia turnover intervention in mice attenuated the deficits in behavior and cognition 30 dpi. Moreover, microglia priming and immune reactivity after TBI were also reduced with microglia turnover. Therefore, microglia represent therapeutic targets after TBI to reduce persistent neuroinflammation and improve recovery.

  • brain injury
  • cognition
  • forced turnover
  • inflammation
  • lipopolysaccharide
  • microglia

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The Journal of Neuroscience: 42 (20)
Journal of Neuroscience
Vol. 42, Issue 20
18 May 2022
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Chronic Cortical Inflammation, Cognitive Impairment, and Immune Reactivity Associated with Diffuse Brain Injury Are Ameliorated by Forced Turnover of Microglia
Chelsea E. Bray, Kristina G. Witcher, Dunni Adekunle-Adegbite, Michelle Ouvina, Mollie Witzel, Emma Hans, Zoe M. Tapp, Jonathan Packer, Ethan Goodman, Fangli Zhao, Titikorn Chunchai, Shane O'Neil, Siriporn C. Chattipakorn, John Sheridan, Olga N. Kokiko-Cochran, Candice Askwith, Jonathan P. Godbout
Journal of Neuroscience 18 May 2022, 42 (20) 4215-4228; DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1910-21.2022

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Chronic Cortical Inflammation, Cognitive Impairment, and Immune Reactivity Associated with Diffuse Brain Injury Are Ameliorated by Forced Turnover of Microglia
Chelsea E. Bray, Kristina G. Witcher, Dunni Adekunle-Adegbite, Michelle Ouvina, Mollie Witzel, Emma Hans, Zoe M. Tapp, Jonathan Packer, Ethan Goodman, Fangli Zhao, Titikorn Chunchai, Shane O'Neil, Siriporn C. Chattipakorn, John Sheridan, Olga N. Kokiko-Cochran, Candice Askwith, Jonathan P. Godbout
Journal of Neuroscience 18 May 2022, 42 (20) 4215-4228; DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1910-21.2022
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Keywords

  • brain injury
  • cognition
  • forced turnover
  • inflammation
  • lipopolysaccharide
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