Figure 4. Replication of behavioral results. A, EV as a function of ME during the Assessment Phase. This is an independent replication of the results in main Figure 3B, with data from prior experiments. EV and ME of each trial were calculated as the SD and average of the last 2 s of exertion output. As in Figure 3B, EV and ME were pooled within target level and averaged across participants. Error bars indicate SEM. As in the main experiment, statistical inference was conducted using the results from a hierarchal linear model. Participants' EV increased with increasing levels of exertion (hierarchal linear model, t = 7.00, df = 1870, β = 0.06, p = 3.34e-12). B, EA as a function of ME during the Recall Phase. This is an independent replication of the results in main Figure 3C with data from prior experiments. Dashed line indicates perfect agreement between assessments of effort and ME. EAs and ME were pooled within target level and averaged across participants. Error bars indicate SEM. As in the main experiment, statistical inference was conducted using the results from a hierarchal linear model. Participants' EV increased with increasing levels of exertion (hierarchal linear model, t = 30.28, df = 1870, β = 0.96, p = 2.96e-164). C, AEs increase with EVN. This is an independent replication of the results in main Figure 3D with data from a prior experiment. EVN and AE were calculated in the same manner as Figure 3D. AEs and EVN were pooled within target level and averaged across participants. Error bars indicate SEM. This analysis matches the primary behavioral results from the main text. As in the main experiment, statistical inference was performed using the results from a hierarchal linear model. Participants' EVN was related to the extent to which they reported exertions as being more effortful. D, Shown are fixed effects coefficients from a hierarchal linear regression model predicting AE, for the following predictors: EVN, ME, maximum exertion, and trial number. Error bars indicate SEM. ***p < 0.001. *p < 0.05.