Article Information
- Received April 26, 2021
- Revision received June 13, 2022
- Accepted June 16, 2022
- First published July 25, 2022.
- Version of record published August 24, 2022.
Author Information
- Büşra Tanriverdi1,
- David F. Gregory1,
- Thomas M. Olino1,
- Timothy D. Ely2,
- Nathaniel G. Harnett3,4,
- Sanne J.H. van Rooij2,
- Lauren A.M. Lebois3,4,
- Antonia V. Seligowski3,4,
- Tanja Jovanovic5,
- Kerry J. Ressler3,4,
- Stacey L. House6,
- Francesca L. Beaudoin7,
- Xinming An8,
- Thomas C. Neylan9,
- Gari D. Clifford10,11,
- Sarah D. Linnstaedt8,
- Laura T. Germine4,12,
- Kenneth A. Bollen13,
- Scott L. Rauch4,14,
- John P. Haran15,
- Alan B. Storrow16,
- Christopher Lewandowski17,
- Paul I. Musey18,
- Phyllis L. Hendry19,
- Sophia Sheikh19,
- Christopher W. Jones20,
- Brittany E. Punches21,22,
- Michael C. Kurz23,24,25,
- Meghan E. McGrath26,
- Lauren A. Hudak27,
- Jose L. Pascual28,29,
- Mark J. Seamon29,30,
- Elizabeth M. Datner31,32,
- Claire Pearson33,
- Robert M. Domeier34,
- Niels K. Rathlev35,
- Brian J. O'Neil33,
- Leon D. Sanchez36,37,
- Steven E. Bruce38,
- Mark W. Miller39,40,
- Robert H. Pietrzak41,42,
- Jutta Joormann43,
- Deanna M. Barch44,
- Diego A. Pizzagalli3,4,
- John F. Sheridan45,46,
- Jordan W. Smoller47,48,
- Steven E. Harte49,50,
- James M. Elliott51,52,53,
- Samuel A. McLean8,54,
- Ronald C. Kessler55,
- Karestan C. Koenen56,
- Jennifer S. Stevens2, and
- Vishnu P. Murty1
- 1Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19121
- 2Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30329
- 3Division of Depression and Anxiety, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts 02478
- 4Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
- 5Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202
- 6Department of Emergency Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
- 7Department of Emergency Medicine & Department of Health Services, Policy, and Practice, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Rhode Island Hospital, and Miriam Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island 02930
- 8Institute for Trauma Recovery, Department of Anesthesiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27559
- 9Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143
- 10Department of Biomedical Informatics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30332
- 11Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30332
- 12Institute for Technology in Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts 02478
- 13Department of Psychology and Neuroscience & Department of Sociology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27559
- 14Institute for Technology in Psychiatry/Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts 02478
- 15Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655
- 16Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
- 17Department of Emergency Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan 48202
- 18Department of Emergency Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
- 19Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine-Jacksonville, Jacksonville, Florida 32209
- 20Department of Emergency Medicine, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, New Jersey 08103
- 21Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267
- 22College of Nursing, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221
- 23Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Alabama School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama 35294
- 24Department of Surgery, Division of Acute Care Surgery, University of Alabama School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama 35294
- 25Center for Injury Science, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294
- 26Department of Emergency Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02118
- 27Department of Emergency Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30329
- 28Department of Surgery, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
- 29Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
- 30Department of Surgery, Division of Traumatology, Surgical Critical Care and Emergency Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
- 31Department of Emergency Medicine, Einstein Healthcare Network, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19141
- 32Department of Emergency Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107
- 33Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202
- 34Department of Emergency Medicine, Saint Joseph Mercy Hospital, Ypsilanti, Michigan 48197
- 35Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School-Baystate, Springfield, Massachusetts 01107
- 36Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
- 37Department of Emergency Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
- 38Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri-St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63121
- 39National Center for PTSD, Behavioral Science Division, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts 02130
- 40Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118
- 41National Center for PTSD, Clinical Neurosciences Division, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut 06516
- 42Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, West Haven, Connecticut 06510
- 43Department of Psychology, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut 06520
- 44Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130
- 45Department of Biosciences, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio 43210
- 46Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio 43211
- 47Department of Psychiatry, Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
- 48Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142
- 49Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
- 50Department of Internal Medicine-Rheumatology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
- 51Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, St Leonards, New South Wales 2065, Australia
- 52Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales 2006, Australia
- 53Physical Therapy & Human Movement Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60208
- 54Department of Emergency Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27559
- 55Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
- 56Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
Author contributions
Author contributions: B.T., S.J.H.v.R., L.A.M.L., A.V.S., T.J., K.J.R., S.L.H., F.L.B., X.A., T.C.N., G.D.C., S.D.L., L.T.G., K.A.B., S.L.R., J.P.H., A.B.S., C.L., P.I.M., P.L.H., S.S., C.W.J., B.E.P., M.C.K., M.E.M., L.A.H., J.L.P., M.J.S., E.M.D., C.P., R.M.D., N.K.R., B.J.O., L.D.S., S.E.B., M.W.M., R.H.P., J.J., D.M.B., D.A.P., J.F.S., J.W.S., S.E.H., J.M.E., S.A.M., R.C.K., K.C.K., J.S.S., and V.P.M. designed research; B.T., D.F.G., T.D.E., N.G.H., S.J.H.v.R., L.A.M.L., A.V.S., T.J., S.D.L., J.S.S., and V.P.M. performed research; B.T., D.F.G., T.M.O., T.D.E., N.G.H., S.J.H.v.R., T.J., S.L.H., J.S.S., and V.P.M. analyzed data; B.T. wrote the first draft of the paper; B.T., D.F.G., T.M.O., T.D.E., N.G.H., S.J.H.v.R., L.A.M.L., A.V.S., T.J., K.J.R., S.L.H., F.L.B., X.A., T.C.N., G.D.C., S.D.L., L.T.G., K.A.B., S.L.R., J.P.H., A.B.S., C.L., P.I.M., P.L.H., S.S., C.W.J., B.E.P., M.C.K., M.E.M., L.A.H., J.L.P., M.J.S., E.M.D., C.P., R.M.D., N.K.R., B.J.O., L.D.S., S.E.B., M.W.M., R.H.P., J.J., D.M.B., D.A.P., J.F.S., J.W.S., S.L.H., J.M.E., S.A.M., R.C.K., K.C.K., J.S.S., and V.P.M. edited the paper; J.S.S. and V.P.M. wrote the paper.
Disclosures
- Received April 26, 2021.
- Revision received June 13, 2022.
- Accepted June 16, 2022.
This work was supported by National Institute of Mental Health U01MH110925 to K.J.R., K00MH119603 to N.G.H., K01MH118467 to L.A.M.L., the U.S. Army Medical Research and Material Command, The One Mind Foundation, and The Mayday Fund. Verily Life Sciences and Mindstrong Health provided some of the hardware and software used to perform study assessments. Data and/or research tools used in the preparation of this manuscript were obtained from the National Institute of Mental Health Data Archive. The National Institute of Mental Health Data Archive is a collaborative informatics system created by the National Institutes of Health to provide a national resource to support and accelerate research in mental health. This manuscript reflects the views of the authors and may not reflect the opinions or views of the National Institutes of Health or of the submitters submitting original data to the National Institute of Mental Health Data Archive. Support for title page creation and format was provided by AuthorArranger, a tool developed at the National Cancer Institute. We thank the trauma survivors participating in the AURORA Study. Their time and effort during a challenging period of their lives make our efforts to improve recovery for future trauma survivors possible.
K.J.R. has served on advisory boards for Takeda, Resilience Therapeutics, Janssen and Verily/Google. His research has been sponsored by Alkermes and Brainsway, and he has worked as a consultant for Alkermes. In the last 3 years, G.D.C. has received research funding from the National Science Foundation, National Institutes of Health, and LifeBell AI, and unrestricted donations from AliveCor, Amazon Research, the Center for Discovery, the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, The MathWorks, Microsoft Research, the Gates Foundation, Google, One Mind Foundation, and Samsung Research. G.D.C. has financial interest in AliveCor and receives unrestricted funding from the company. He also is the CTO of MindChild Medical and CSO of LifeBell AI and has ownership in both companies. These relationships are unconnected to the current work. L.T.G. is on the scientific advisory board of the nonprofit Sage Bionetworks, for which she receives a small honorarium. S.S. has received funding from the Florida Medical Malpractice Joint Underwriter's Association Dr. Alvin E. Smith Safety of Healthcare Services Grant, Allergan Foundation, the National Institutes of Health/National Institute on Aging-funded Jacksonville Aging Studies Center (JAX-ASCENT; R33AG05654), the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (1H79TI083101-01), and the Florida Blue Foundation. C.W.J. reports no direct conflicts related to this paper, and no ongoing conflicts. He has been an investigator on studies funded by Hologic Inc., Janssen, and AstraZeneca, for which his department has received research funding. Over the past 3 years, D.A.P. has received consulting fees from BlackThorn Therapeutics, Boehringer Ingelheim, Compass Pathway, Concert Pharmaceuticals, Engrail Therapeutics, Neurocrine Biosciences, Otsuka Pharmaceuticals, and Takeda Pharmaceuticals; one honorarium from Alkermes, and research funding from Millennium Pharmaceuticals. In addition, he has received stock options from BlackThorn Therapeutics. No funding from these entities was used to support the current work, and all views expressed are solely those of the authors. J.M.E. reports support from the National Institutes of Health through Grants R01HD079076 and R03HD094577, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development, National Center for Medical Rehabilitation Research, and South Wales Health Spinal Cord Injury Research Grants Program. In the past 3 years, R.C.K. was a consultant for Datastat, Inc., RallyPoint Networks, Inc., Sage Pharmaceuticals, and Takeda. The remaining authors declare no competing financial interests.
- Correspondence should be addressed to Vishnu P. Murty at Vishnu.murty{at}temple.edu
Funding
NIMH
U01MH110925US Army Medical Research and Material Command
One Mind Foundation
The May Day Fund
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