Interfacing Motor Units in Nonhuman Primates Identifies a Principal Neural Component for Force Control Constrained by the Size Principle

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¹Department Artificial Intelligence in Biomedical Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander University (FAU), 91058 Erlangen, Germany
²Medical Faculty, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, United Kingdom
³Division of Functional Neurosurgery and Stereotaxy, Friedrich-Alexander University (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
⁴Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
⁵UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
⁶BSICoS Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain

A. Del Vecchio's present address: Department Artificial Intelligence in Biomedical Engineering, Medical Valley, Friedrich-Alexander University, Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91052 Erlangen, Germany.
D. Farina's present address: Michael Uren Building, White City Campus, Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
S.N. Baker's present address: Henry Wellcome Building, Medical Faculty, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK.

Author contributions: A.D.V., R.H.A.J., I.S.S., and S.N.B. designed research; A.D.V., R.H.A.J., and S.N.B. performed research; A.D.V., R.H.A.J., I.S.S., T.M.K., J.I., D.F., and S.N.B. contributed unpublished reagents/analytic tools; A.D.V., T.M.K., and D.F. analyzed data; A.D.V., R.H.A.J., and S.N.B. wrote the paper.
↵*A.D.V. and R.H.A.J. contributed equally to this work.
↵^†D.F. and S.N.B. contributed equally as senior authors.

A. Del Vecchio's present address: Department Artificial Intelligence in Biomedical Engineering, Medical Valley, Friedrich-Alexander University, Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91052 Erlangen, Germany.
D. Farina's present address: Michael Uren Building, White City Campus, Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
S.N. Baker's present address: Henry Wellcome Building, Medical Faculty, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK.

This research was supported by a grant from The William Leech Charity. J.I. received support from “la Caixa” Foundation (ID, 100010434; fellowship code, LCF/BQ/PI21/11830018). D.F. received support from a European Reasearch Council Synergy grant Natural BionicS Contract 810346.
The authors declare no competing financial interests.
Correspondence should be addressed to Alessandro Del Vecchio at alessandro.del.vecchio{at}fau.de or Dario Farina at d.farina{at}imperial.ac.uk or Stuart N. Baker at stuart.baker{at}ncl.ac.uk