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Research Articles, Systems/Circuits

A Short Route for Reach Planning between Human V6A and the Motor Cortex

Rossella Breveglieri, Sara Borgomaneri, Stefano Diomedi, Alessia Tessari, Claudio Galletti and Patrizia Fattori
Journal of Neuroscience 22 March 2023, 43 (12) 2116-2125; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1609-22.2022
Rossella Breveglieri
1Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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Sara Borgomaneri
2Center for studies and research in Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Bologna, 47521 Cesena, Italy
3Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Santa Lucia Foundation, 00179 Rome, Italy
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Stefano Diomedi
1Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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Alessia Tessari
4Department of Psychology “Renzo Canestrari”, University of Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy
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Claudio Galletti
1Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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Patrizia Fattori
1Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
5Alma Mater Research Institute for Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence (Alma Human AI), University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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Abstract

In the macaque monkey, area V6A, located in the medial posterior parietal cortex, contains cells that encode the spatial position of a reaching target. It has been suggested that during reach planning this information is sent to the frontal cortex along a parieto-frontal pathway that connects V6A–premotor cortex–M1. A similar parieto-frontal network may also exist in the human brain, and we aimed here to study the timing of this functional connection during planning of a reaching movement toward different spatial positions. We probed the functional connectivity between human area V6A (hV6A) and the primary motor cortex (M1) using dual-site, paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation with a short (4 ms) and a longer (10 ms) interstimulus interval while healthy participants (18 men and 18 women) planned a visually-guided or a memory-guided reaching movement toward positions located at different depths and directions. We found that, when the stimulation over hV6A is sent 4 ms before the stimulation over M1, hV6A inhibits motor-evoked potentials during planning of either rightward or leftward reaching movements. No modulations were found when the stimulation over hV6A was sent 10 ms before the stimulation over M1, suggesting that only short medial parieto-frontal routes are active during reach planning. Moreover, the short route of hV6A–premotor cortex–M1 is active during reach planning irrespectively of the nature (visual or memory) of the reaching target. These results agree with previous neuroimaging studies and provide the first demonstration of the flow of inhibitory signals between hV6A and M1.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT All our dexterous movements depend on the correct functioning of the network of brain areas. Knowing the functional timing of these networks is useful to gain a deeper understanding of how the brain works to enable accurate arm movements. In this article, we probed the parieto-frontal network and demonstrated that it takes 4 ms for the medial posterior parietal cortex to send inhibitory signals to the frontal cortex during reach planning. This fast flow of information seems not to be dependent on the availability of visual information regarding the reaching target. This study opens the way for future studies to test how this timing could be impaired in different neurological disorders.

  • humans
  • inhibitions
  • parietofrontal network
  • planning
  • reaching
  • transcranial magnetic stimulation

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The Journal of Neuroscience: 43 (12)
Journal of Neuroscience
Vol. 43, Issue 12
22 Mar 2023
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A Short Route for Reach Planning between Human V6A and the Motor Cortex
Rossella Breveglieri, Sara Borgomaneri, Stefano Diomedi, Alessia Tessari, Claudio Galletti, Patrizia Fattori
Journal of Neuroscience 22 March 2023, 43 (12) 2116-2125; DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1609-22.2022

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A Short Route for Reach Planning between Human V6A and the Motor Cortex
Rossella Breveglieri, Sara Borgomaneri, Stefano Diomedi, Alessia Tessari, Claudio Galletti, Patrizia Fattori
Journal of Neuroscience 22 March 2023, 43 (12) 2116-2125; DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1609-22.2022
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Keywords

  • humans
  • inhibitions
  • parietofrontal network
  • planning
  • reaching
  • transcranial magnetic stimulation

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