RT Journal Article SR Electronic T1 Nicotinamide Mononucleotide Adenylyltransferase Expression in Mitochondrial Matrix Delays Wallerian Degeneration JF The Journal of Neuroscience JO J. Neurosci. FD Society for Neuroscience SP 6276 OP 6284 DO 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4304-08.2009 VO 29 IS 19 A1 Yahata, Naoki A1 Yuasa, Shigeki A1 Araki, Toshiyuki YR 2009 UL http://www.jneurosci.org/content/29/19/6276.abstract AB Studies of naturally occurring mutant mice, wlds, showing delayed Wallerian degeneration phenotype, suggest that axonal degeneration is an active process. We previously showed that increased nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)-synthesizing activity by overexpression of nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase (NMNAT) is the essential component of the Wlds protein, the expression of which is responsible for the delayed Wallerian degeneration phenotype in wlds mice. Indeed, NMNAT overexpression in cultured neurons provides robust protection to neurites, as well. To examine the effect of NMNAT overexpression in vivo and to analyze the mechanism that causes axonal protection, we generated transgenic mice (Tg) overexpressing NMNAT1 (nuclear isoform), NMNAT3 (mitochondrial isoform), or the Wlds protein bearing a W258A mutation, which disrupts NAD-synthesizing activity of the Wlds protein. Wallerian degeneration delay in NMNAT3-Tg was similar to that in wlds mice, whereas axonal protection in NMNAT1-Tg or Wlds(W258A)-Tg was not detectable. Detailed analysis of subcellular localization of the overexpressed proteins revealed that the axonal protection phenotype was correlated with localization of NMNAT enzymatic activity to mitochondrial matrix. Furthermore, we found that isolated mitochondria from mice showing axonal protection expressed unchanged levels of respiratory chain components, but were capable of increased ATP production. These results suggest that axonal protection by NMNAT expression in neurons is provided by modifying mitochondrial function. Alteration of mitochondrial function may constitute a novel tool for axonal protection, as well as a possible treatment of diseases involving axonopathy.