PT  - JOURNAL ARTICLE
AU  - VL Gracco
TI  - Timing factors in the coordination of speech movements
AID  - 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.08-12-04628.1988
DP  - 1988 Dec 01
TA  - The Journal of Neuroscience
PG  - 4628--4639
VI  - 8
IP  - 12
4099  - http://www.jneurosci.org/content/8/12/4628.short
4100  - http://www.jneurosci.org/content/8/12/4628.full
SO  - J. Neurosci.1988 Dec 01; 8
AB  - Speech movement coordination involves substantial timing adjustments among multiple degrees of muscles and movement freedom. The present investigation examined the kinematic and muscle timing adjustments associated with the production of select speech movements. For oral closing movements, the timing of the upper lip, lower lip, and jaw peak velocities were found to be tightly coupled, apparently reflecting a coordinative strategy. In contrast, oral opening movements demonstrated reduced temporal coupling and inconsistent sequencing across subjects. Overall, it appears that the temporal organization of speech movements varies with the specific movement goals. In order to evaluate the coordinative patterns for oral closing in detail, the temporal adjustments of multiple perioral muscles associated with the systematic closing peak velocity relations were examined. The relative timing of muscle onsets and peak EMG amplitudes was found to be predictably related to the peak velocity timing variations, suggesting that the motor commands are temporally scaled to generate changes in speaking conditions. It was also found that the mechanical properties of the speech articulators influence movement coordination and can be exploited to maximize movement efficiency. The systematic change in muscle timing characteristics for all synergistic muscles apparently reduces the degrees of freedom to control, thereby facilitating the coordination process.