Table 1.

Summary of English and Mandarin subjects

Subject	L1	Age exposed to L2 in years	Peak location in Talairach coordinates (left frontal)		Voxel count: left frontal		Voxel count: right frontal
Subject	L1	Age exposed to L2 in years	Mandarin	English	Mandarin	English	Mandarin	English
Early bilinguals			(x, y, z; mm)	(x, y, z; mm)
Males
TI (1)	Mandarin	5	−36, 10, 28	−36, 10, 28	263	463	228	293
LE (1)	English	5	−42, 6, 24	−42, 6, 24	441	603	16	36
LI (1)	Mandarin	5	−42, 4, 26	−44, 4, 26	449	147	15	13
BA (1)	English	4	−42, 22, 22	−42, 22, 22	545	824	137	352
RE (2)	English	2	−38, 14, 22	−38, 12, 22	319	343	71	77
YE (2)	English	5	−38, 16, 32	−38, 16, 32	595	463	93	93
LO (2)	Mandarin	5	−34, 10, 24	−34, 10, 24	695	659	54	16
Females
EL (1)	Mandarin	6	−32, 24, 12	−32, 24, 12	147	274	0	8
LN (1)	Mandarin	5	−32, 4, 30	−32, 4, 30	239	769	16	131
LA (1)	Mandarin	6	−34, 8, 18	−34, 8, 18	219	443	18	101
SI (1)	Mandarin	4	−34, 22, 14	−34, 22, 14	236	48	27	0
SO (1)	Mandarin	5	−40, 16, 34	−38, 16, 34	554	430	176	183
ME (2)	Mandarin	5	−38, 10, 34	−38, 10, 34	128	127	143	106
SK (2)	Mandarin	4	−40, 24, 14	−40, 24, 14	541	673	64	143
JA (2)	Mandarin	6	−44, 16, 24	−44, 18, 24	527	512	263	297
Late bilinguals
Male
LZ (2)	Mandarin	13	−28, 16, 34	−28, 16, 34	176	286	124	131
Females
HU (2)	Mandarin	15	−30, 18, 26	−30, 18, 26	290	391	97	129
YA (2)	Mandarin	15	−38, 24, 20	−38, 28, 18	413	287	22	39
JI (2)	Mandarin	13	−26, 12, 28	−26, 12, 28	200	178	33	49
GU (2)	Mandarin	20	−34, 10, 40	−34, 10, 40	469	484	146	128
ZH (2)	Mandarin	15	−40, 8, 20	−40, 8, 20	541	522	249	317
ZN (2)	Mandarin	12	−34, 4, 32	−34, 4, 32	265	258	170	182
JU (2)	Mandarin	17	−30, 18, 20	−28, 18, 20	337	316	136	129
DA (2)	Mandarin	12	−38, 12, 28	−38, 12, 28	334	361	14	8

Subjects’ language backgrounds, the locus of peak activations in the left prefrontal region, and the extent of activation in voxels. The number in parentheses after a subject’s initials indicates the experimental protocol used: 1, experiment set 1; 2, experiment set 2.