Demographic data
| Demographic data | ▪ PD (n = 10) | • PD (n = 11) | Controls (n = 10) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 57.7 ± 2.4 | 60.9 ± 2.2 | 62.4 ± 2.0 | NS |
| Duration of disease (years) | 4.7 ± 1.1 | 5.9 ± 1.0 | NS | |
| Motor phenotype | 0.9 ± 0.7 | 0.8 ± 0.8 | NS | |
| Onset side | Right, 5; left, 5 | Right, 5; left, 6 | NS | |
| Hoehn & Yahr stage | 2.0 ± 0.0 | 2.0 ± 0.0 | NS | |
| UPDRS | 33.2 ± 3.5 | 39.2 ± 4.3 | NS | |
| Mini-mental state examination | 29.6 ± 0.2 | 29.6 ± 0.2 | NS | |
| FAS fluency | 47.1 ± 2.7 | 40.5 ± 4.9 | NS | |
| Categorical fluency | 26.2 ± 1.6 | 21.5 ± 1.6 | NS | |
| Motor latency (msec) | 1113.4 ± 189.7 | 1065.7 ± 50.7 | NS | |
| Pattern recognition (maximum score = 24) | 21.9 ± 0.6 | 20.1 ± 0.7 | NS | |
| Spatial recognition (maximum score = 20) | 15.4 ± 0.8 | 14.9 ± 0.7 | NS | |
| Beck Depression Inventory | 5.4 ± 1.3 | 9.8 ± 1.8 | NS | |
| l-dopa dose (mg) | 545.0 ± 122.2 | 409.1 ± 124.5 | NS | |
| Dopamine agonist use | 7 | 8 | NS | |
| Tower of London (maximum = 14) | 12.5 ± 0.3 | 6.8 ± 0.6 | <0.001 |
Demographic data (mean ± SEM) showing no significant differences among the patient subgroups (p > 0.05). Performance accuracy on the Tower of London planning task was used to separate those patients with a selective executive impairment (• PD) from those with no cognitive deficit (▪ PD) before fMRI testing.