Table 1.

Summary of task variables

Process Test stimulus Motor requirement Organic deprivation Reinforcer
Lashley maze Operant approach/egocentric navigation Egocentric/visual Ambulation Food BioServ Pellet (+)
Passive avoidance Operant avoidance Place Passivity None Noise/light (−)
Spatial water maze Operant escape/allocentric navigation Extramaze/visual Swimming None Water immersion (−)
Odor discrimination Discrimination Olfactory Cue-directed ambulation Food Rice (+)
Fear conditioning Association formation Auditory Suppression Water Foot shock (−)