Hemispheric dominance for controlling grip–lift movement parameters
| Controls | Left PMv | Left PMd | Left M1 | Right PMv | Right PMd | Right M1 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Temporal parameters | |||||||
| RT (ms) | 180.7 ± 37.4 | 171.5 ± 35.6 | 176.2 ± 34.9 | 254.3 ± 47.2* | 185.7 ± 38.3 | 183.4 ± 37.2 | 192.1 ± 29.5 |
| MT (ms) | 89.1 ± 15.3 | 105.7 ± 17.3* | 84.3 ± 18.5 | 93.6 ± 17.4 | 87.4 ± 12.7 | 81.4 ± 14.5 | 91.2 ± 15.3 |
| CT (ms) | 5.6 ± 1.0 | 17.7 ± 12.1* | 4.7 ± 1.3 | 6.1 ± 1.9 | 5.2 ± 1.4 | 6.1 ± 1.1 | 5.3 ± 1.5 |
| APB–1DI (ms) | 11.7 ± 4.3 | 26.3 ± 7.1* | 14.8 ± 5.2 | 10.7 ± 4.3 | 13.7 ± 5.1 | 15.2 ± 6.8 | 13.2 ± 5.8 |
| BrR (ms) | 218.8 ± 16.4 | 221.5 ± 18.3 | 234.3 ± 15.8* | 293.7 ± 25.4* | 215.3 ± 17.9 | 218.9 ± 20.3 | 201.6 ± 14.8* |
| 1DI–BrR (ms) | 29.8 ± 9.4 | 22.7 ± 7.4 | 44.1 ± 10.3* | 28.8 ± 12.4 | 21.3 ± 10.2 | 20.5 ± 10.1 | 18.7 ± 10.4* |
| Preloading phase (ms) | 35.4 ± 15.4 | 41.7 ± 17.3 | 69.1 ± 18.1* | 43.6 ± 19.2 | 43.1 ± 8.7 | 34.6 ± 21.5 | 21.6 ± 9.3* |
| Loading phase (ms) | 183.2 ± 27.4 | 185.6 ± 29.4 | 181.8 ± 28.4 | 223.7 ± 31.4* | 187.3 ± 27.3 | 182.5 ± 31.4 | 157.4 ± 28.3* |
| Dynamic parameters | |||||||
| GF peak (N) | 8.5 ± 1.4 | 8.9 ± 1.5 | 8.4 ± 1.5 | 7.2 ± 3.2* | 8.8 ± 1.6 | 8.3 ± 1.4 | 8.5 ± 1.8 |
| dGF/dt peak (N/s) | 46.7 ± 7.1 | 45.7 ± 8.4 | 47.1 ± 7.3 | 31.9 ± 10.3* | 45.5 ± 9.2 | 46.3 ± 6.4 | 65.8 ± 9.5* |
| dLF/dt peak (N/s) | 42.3 ± 6.1 | 41.9 ± 7.1 | 42.8 ± 6.5 | 28.7 ± 9.4* | 40.3 ± 6.7 | 41.5 ± 6.9 | 58.3 ± 7.1* |
| Cross-correlation coefficient | 0.86 ± 0.10 | 0.81 ± 0.10 | 0.85 ± 0.11 | 0.53 ± 0.21* | 0.78 ± 0.12 | 0.83 ± 0.10 | 0.55 ± 0.15* |
| Time shift (ms) | 25.5 ± 8.7 | 28.2 ± 9.3 | 40.3 ± 8.9* | 55.4 ± 15.2* | 30.2 ± 9.5 | 23.2 ± 10.1 | 57.2 ± 19.1* |
| Finger positioning | |||||||
| Ind-Th H dist (mm) | 5.3 ± 1.9 | 11.5 ± 2.2* | 6.9 ± 1.6 | 5.5 ± 1.4 | 9.2 ± 2.0* | 5.8 ± 1.7 | 5.7 ± 2.1 |
| Index CP area (mm2) | 30.1 ± 7.6 | 85.9 ± 17.1* | 29.4 ± 8.1 | 33.2 ± 9.1 | 64.5 ± 9.6* | 33.5 ± 10.4 | 34.2 ± 10.2 |
| Thumb CP area (mm2) | 24.9 ± 5.3 | 73.8 ± 13.7* | 27.2 ± 6.3 | 27.2 ± 8.4 | 57.2 ± 12.5* | 30.4 ± 7.8 | 32.6 ± 7.1 |
Mean ± SD values (n = 6) of movement parameters gathered in the control condition (sham) and after the inactivation of the left and right PMv, PMd, and M1. Ind-Th H dist, Horizontal distance between the index and thumb on the manipulandum.
↵*p < 0.05.