Vigilance states in fur seals under baseline conditions and during bilateral slow wave SD and SR
| Sleep parameter | Baseline | Sleep deprivation | Recovery | ANOVA (p value) | Tukey post hoc test | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Day 1 | Day 2 | Day 3 | SD vs B | SD vs SR | SR vs B | |||||
| SWS | % of 24 h | 21.0 (2.0) | 17.8 (1.8) | 20.7 (2.5) | 21.9 (3.1) | 29.1 (2.8) | <0.01 | – | aSD1–3 < SR*,** | B < SR* |
| % of B | 100 (0) | 85.1 (6.0) | 98.7 (6.9) | 104.2 (7.6) | 139.2 (8.4) | – | – | – | – | |
| REM | % of 24 h | 4.7 (1.0) | 2.3 (0.7) | 3.1 (1.1) | 3.3 (1.5) | 6.1 (1.5) | <0.01 | SD1 < B* | bSD1–3 < SR*,** | – |
| % of B | 100 (0) | 46.9 (8.0) | 64.5 (11.0) | 68.1 (19.8) | 132.1 (7.7) | – | – | – | – | |
| HV-BSWS | % of 24 h | 6.1 (0.6) | 0.8 (0.4) | 0.6 (0.4) | 1.1 (0.5) | 9.2 (1.3) | <0.001 | SD1–3 < B** | SD1–3 < SR** | B < SR** |
| % of B | 100 (0) | 12.1 (5.8) | 9.4 (4.4) | 19.1 (10.0) | 152.5 (16.8) | – | – | – | – | |
| LV-BSWS | % of 24 h | 4.2 (1.7) | 3.9 (1.1) | 3.9 (0.9) | 4.5 (1.7) | 5.1 (2.0) | ns | – | – | – |
| % of B | 100 (0) | 103.7 (11.2) | 111.5 (21.0) | 115.5 (21.4) | 117.5 (23.3) | – | – | – | – | |
| ASWS | % of 24 h | 10.7 (3.5) | 13.1 (3.2) | 16.2 (3.5) | 16.3 (4.2) | 14.8 (5.5) | ns | – | – | – |
| % of B | 100 (0) | 136.0 (19.8) | 172.4 (22.3) | 173.1 (25.9) | 129.5 (16.3) | ns | – | – | – | |
| % of SD1–3 | 65.3 (7.9) | 85.0 (4.9) | 106.8 (4.5) | 107.5 (7.3) | 86.8 (18.6) | <0.05 | – | – | – | |
| SWS with AI >0.3 | % of SWS | 45.5 (10.0) | 59.5 (12.4) | 63.4 (8.5) | 64.0 (12.3) | 44.1 (13.3) | <0.002 | SD2–3 < B** | SD1–3 > SR** | – |
| % of B | 100 (0) | 132.0 (4.4) | 150 (17.0) | 143.2 (11.8) | 92.0 (11.0) | – | – | – | – | |
Data are presented as percentage of 24 h, SWS, the second day of baseline (% of B), or the average during 3 SD days (% of SD1–3). The data are mean ± SEM (in parentheses). SWS, Slow wave sleep; REM, rapid eye movement sleep; HV-BSWS, high-voltage bilateral SWS; LV-BSWS, low voltage bilateral SWS; ASWS, asymmetrical SWS; AI, asymmetry index; SWS with AI > 0.3, number of SWS epochs with an absolute AI > 0.3. ANOVA, Repeated measures ANOVA, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01. ns, not significant.
↵aSD1 < SR**, SD2 < SR**, SD3 < SR*.
↵bSD1 < SR**, SD2 < SR*, SD3 < SR*.