Table 2.

Regions showing increased activation associated with saline exhalation, voluntary cough, evoked cough, and suppressed cough

Region	Saline challenge				Voluntary cough				Evoked cough				Suppressed cough
	Peak voxel coordinate			Z score	Peak voxel coordinate			Z score	Peak voxel coordinate			Z score	Peak voxel coordinate			Z score
	x	y	z	Z score	x	y	z	Z score	x	y	z	Z score	x	y	z	Z score
Cingulate cortex													0	44	2	3.22
					4	38	4	3.04					4	42	2	4.39
	4	24	28	3.62	0	−2	38	4.49	6	22	22	4.53	2	26	28	5.29
	−2	20	32	2.94	2	2	38	4.35	−2	20	22	4.56	−2	26	22	4.97
					0	−16	40	3.58	6	−22	32	3.22	4	−20	30	3.78
					−2	−14	40	3.97	−4	−16	30	4.14	−2	−22	30	3.66
Superior frontal gyrus	6	12	58	3.91					−2	26	22	5.29
Middle frontal gyrus	44	12	50	4.04
	40	28	34	3.79	36	56	12	4.05					44	22	44	3.40
	−34	44	24	4.05	−32	48	22	3.59					−36	28	34	3.34
Pre-SMA													6	34	42	3.50
													−2	26	44	2.86
SMA	4	−10	58	3.01	4	2	62	4.88	6	−10	60	3.09	4	8	52	3.37
	−6	8	60	2.79	−2	2	60	4.07	−8	−10	68	3.36	0	2	52	2.62
Premotor cortex	54	2	42	3.54									56	2	40	5.16
Sensorimotor cortex					26	−28	62	4.02	22	−30	60	4.13
					−22	−34	64	4.27	−20	−34	60	4.03
					50	−8	54	3.20	56	−2	40	4.62
					−50	−8	46	3.68
					46	−10	34	3.83	36	−14	40	4.00
					−46	−10	40	4.64	−46	−12	42	3.86	−46	−12	40	3.14
					44	−12	30	4.27	44	−8	30	4.57	46	−8	34	2.78
					−42	−10	30	4.80	−64	−20	32	5.06	−40	−18	32	3.38
Operculum	58	−14	14	3.68	64	−4	10	5.22	−60	4	10	5.15	−56	−2	10	5.18
	−56	−4	12	3.11	−46	−12	18	4.67	64	−4	10	5.12	58	−4	8	5.48
Posterior cingulate cortex									8	−32	42	3.41	6	−26	36	3.49
									−14	−38	42	4.28	−2	−22	30	3.66
Inferior parietal lobule	64	−42	26	4.53	64	−34	24	4.17	62	−36	26	4.69	60	−42	42	4.70
	−60	−42	40	4.44	−62	−36	30	3.51	−64	−38	34	3.87	−58	−40	46	4.36
Middle temporal gyrus	56	−52	−2	3.10
	−50	−62	0	4.06
Anterior insula	38	22	4	2.86					34	14	4	3.40	36	20	2	3.51
									−32	10	6	3.41	−34	16	2	3.47
Mid-insula					44	4	0	3.13	36	−12	8	3.12	46	12	−4	3.85
	−40	10	2	2.81	−44	2	−2	4.39	−40	−12	8	4.46	−38	10	4	3.84
Posterior insula					40	−8	8	2.98	34	−22	8	3.33
					−38	−12	8	4.33	−32	−26	10	3.69
Caudate													16	22	2	3.57
Lentiform nuclei					16	10	−6	3.01					16	12	−6	3.06
Thalamus									10	−18	4	2.99	12	−6	10	2.84
					−8	−2	0	3.62	−14	−18	4	3.48	−10	−6	10	3.25
Midbrain					6	−32	−12	3.54	4	−32	−14	3.84
					−10	−24	−14	4.27	−8	−26	−14	4.37
Pons									8	−32	−28	3.17
									−8	−36	−28	3.86
Rostral medulla									0	−38	−52	2.52
									−4	−38	−50	3.40
Caudal medulla									0	−40	−66	2.86
									−4	−44	−64	3.26
Cerebellum					20	−70	−22	4.66	4	−46	−24	5.02
					−24	−64	−26	4.54	−8	−62	−20	4.58

The coordinates of maximally activated voxels are given in MNI space where x, y, and z coordinates represent the medial-lateral, anterior-posterior, and superior-inferior distances (in millimeters) from the anterior commissure. SMA, Supplementary motor area.
All activations identified at cluster-level significance of p < 0.05 (corrected).