Table 1.

Eight-hour pharmacokinetic parameters from male Sprague Dawley rats (n = 5) treated with a single dose of GP (41 mg/kg BW), Mo (17 mg/kg BW), or Po (28.3 mg/kg BW) or after repeated exposure to extracts for 10 d

Metabolite	Treatment	Single acute dose			Acute dose following 10 d repeated exposure
Metabolite	Treatment	AUC_{(0–8 h)} (nmol/L^*h)	C_max (nmol/L)	T_1/2 (h)	AUC_{(0–8 h)} (nmol/L^*h)	C_max (nmol/L)	T_1/2 (h)
(−)-C-O-β-glucuronide	GP	142.2 ± 33.9^{^a}	65.8 ± 13.4^{^a}	1.5 ± 0.4^{^a}	711.8 ± 35.2^*^{^a}	407.8 ± 35.4^*^{^a}	0.9 ± 0.2^{^a}
	Mo	151.2 ± 24.1^{^a}	70.8 ± 9.3^{^a}	1.3 ± 0.2^{^a}	807.4 ± 131.4^*^{^a}	394.6 ± 48.7^*^{^a}	0.9 ± 0.1^{^a}
	Po	ND	ND		179.3 ± 73.9^{^b}	154.5 ± 67.9^{^b}	ND
(−)-EC-O-β-glucuronide	GP	223.9 ± 58.2^{^a}	91.0 ± 17.5^{^a}	1.3 ± 0.1^{^a}	1063.4 ± 98.3^*^{^a}	532.9 ± 29.2^*^{^a}	1.1 ± 0.4^{^a}
	Mo	282.2 ± 31.2^{^a}	110.8 ± 14.4^{^a}	1.6 ± 0.3^{^a}	1445.1 ± 237.4^*^{^a}	586.6 ± 78.8^*^{^a}	0.9 ± 0.2^{^a}
	Po	ND	ND	ND	311.1 ± 138.5^{^b}	251.9 ± 104.2^{^b}	ND
3′-O-Me-(−)-C-O-β-glucuronide	GP	141.8 ± 31.6^{^a}	44.8 ± 6.0^{^a}	1.8 ± 0.2^{^a}	220.3 ± 51.5^*^{^a}	68.0 ± 15.5^*^{^a}	1.3 ± 0.3^{^a}
	Mo	183.2 ± 25.3^{^a}	42.8 ± 5.1^{^a}	3.1 ± 0.3^{^b}	938.5 ± 598.7^*^{^b}	177.4 ± 70.4^*^{^b}	2.4 ± 0.7^{^b}
	Po	ND	ND	ND	6.5 ± 6.5^{^c}	8.7 ± 8.7^{^c}	ND
3′-O-Me-(−)-EC-O-β-glucuronide	GP	187.7 ± 42.5^{^a}	51.9 ± 5.9^{^a}	2.0 ± 0.2^{^a}	241.7 ± 64.6^*^{^a}	72.4 ± 16.8^*^{^a}	1.4 ± 0.3^{^a}
	Mo	216.0 ± 32.2^{^a}	46.7 ± 4.4^{^a}	2.8 ± 0.2^{^b}	952.0 ± 513.9^*^{^b}	184.2 ± 66.3^*^{^b}	2.4 ± 0.3^{^b}
	Po	ND	ND	ND	7.3 ± 7.3^c	9.7 ± 9.7^{^c}	ND

Doses of GP, Mo and Po were administered as a single intragastric gavage as described in the Materials and Methods section. AUC_{(0–8 h),} Plasma area under the curve; C_max, maximum plasma concentration; T_1/2, elimination half-life; ND, not determined.
↵^a,b,cSignificant difference between single-dose treatments (p < 0.05).
↵*Significant difference (p < 0.01) between single acute dose and repeated dose parameters.