Table 2.

Cognitive testing in FASD group showing below average standard scores (age normalized) on most tests, but no significant differences in standard scores between longitudinal scans

Cognitive test	Subtest/domain	Scan	N (17)	Mean standard score ±SD	Standard score range	One sample t test p value^{^a}
Working memory test battery for children	Digit recall	1	16	86 ± 13	60–111	0.001
		2	17	88 ± 14	52–117	0.002
	Block recall	1	16	83 ± 16	57–108	0.001
		2	17	83 ± 15	59–110	<0.001
Woodcock Johnson	Quantitative Concepts 18A&B (mathematics)	1	16	90 ± 16	62–115	0.019
		2	15	90 ± 10	70–107	0.002
Comprehensive receptive and expressive vocabulary test (CREVT)	Receptive	1	16	91 ± 7	75–102	<0.001
		2	16	92 ± 8	74–102	0.001
	Expressive	1	16	84 ± 16	63–112	0.001
		2	16	82 ± 14	57–107	<0.001
	Composite	1	16	85 ± 11	68–106	<0.001
		2	16	84 ± 12	62–102	<0.001
Woodcock reading mastery test-revised	Word ID	1	17	93 ± 10	75–109	0.011
		2	17	92 ± 17	52–134	0.083
NEPSY I/II	Arrows (visuospatial ability)	1	12	7.9 ± 2.9	2–12	0.030
		2	15	10.2 ± 2.8	5–15	0.787
	Auditory attention (sustained attention)	1	14	5.3 ± 4.0	1–13	0.001
		2	14	7.4 ± 3.2	1–12	0.010
	Response set (set shifting)	1	11	6.1 ± 3.7	2–14	0.005
		2	14	8.6 ± 3.0	1–13	0.109
	Auditory attention vs response set	1	11	7.5 ± 3.3	4–13	0.030
		2	14	9.4 ± 3.0	2–13	0.434
	Memory for names	1	12	8.3 ± 3.8	3–15	0.134
		2	14	6.9 ± 2.9	3–12	0.001
Behavior rating scale of executive function (BRIEF) parent form	Behavioral regulation index	1	15	75 ± 13	40–94	<0.001
		2	16	79 ± 12	50–97	<0.001
	Metacognition index	1	15	71 ± 7	53–81	<0.001
		2	16	72 ± 7	55–84	<0.001
	Global executive composite	1	15	74 ± 9	48–83	<0.001
		2	16	76 ± 9	53–92	<0.001
Wide range intelligence test (WRIT)	Verbal IQ	2^{^b}	9	94 ± 14	75–118	0.255
	Visual IQ	2^{^b}	9	103 ± 15	78–122	0.572
	General IQ	2^{^b}	9	99 ± 15	75–116	0.789

↵^aPopulation norm mean standard scores used as test value for one-sample t test; 100 for all tests except NEPSY I/II (mean scaled score = 10), and BRIEF (mean T score = 50).
↵^bThe WRIT was only collected at scan 2.