Statistical analysis of behavioral studies
| Parameter | Comparison | Results |
|---|---|---|
| Body weight (n = 19) | Sex and genotype | 2-way ANOVA; main effect of sex: F(1,34) = 25.47, p < 0.00001; main effect of genotype: F(1,34) = 14.60, p < 0.001; sex × genotype interaction: F(1,34) = 0.17, p = 0.67 |
| Open field (n = 19) | ||
| Time in center | Sex and genotype | 2-way ANOVA; main effect of sex: F(1,34) = 0.33, p = 0.56; main effect of genotype: F(1,34) = 0.10, p = 0.74; sex × genotype interaction: F(1,34) = 4.26, p < 0.4 |
| Frequency in center | Sex and genotype | 2-way ANOVA; main effect of sex: F(1,34) = 0.05, p = 0.82; main effect of genotype: F(1,34) = 5.59, p < 0.03; sex × genotype interaction: F(1,34) = 2.47, p = 0.12 |
| Time in periphery | Sex and genotype | 2-way ANOVA; main effect of sex: F(1,34) = 0.99, p = 0.32; main effect of genotype: F(1,34) = 4.44, p < 0.05; sex × genotype interaction: F(1,34) = 0.13, p = 0.71 |
| Frequency in periphery | Sex and genotype | 2-way ANOVA; main effect of sex: p < 0.0004, F(1,34) = 0.86, p = 0.36; main effect of genotype: F(1,34) = 15.83; sex × genotype interaction: F(1,34) = 1.19, p = 0.28 |
| Time in center/time in periphery | Sex and genotype | 2-way ANOVA; main effect of sex: F(1,34) = 0.14, p = 0.70; main effect of genotype: F(1,34) = 0.003, p = 0.95; sex × genotype interaction: F(1,34) = 3.34, p = 0.07 |
| Distance traveled | Sex and genotype | 2-way ANOVA; main effect of sex: F(1,34) = 0.02, p = 0.88; main effect of genotype: F(1,34) = 23.54, p < 0.00003; sex × genotype interaction: F(1,34) = 0.04, p = 0.83 |
| Velocity | Sex and genotype | 2-way ANOVA; main effect of sex: F(1,34) = 0.02, p = 0.88; main effect of genotype: F(1,34) = 23.42, p < 0.00003; sex × genotype interaction: F(1,34) = 0.04, p = 0.84 |
| Dark/light box (n = 19) | ||
| Total activity | Sex and genotype | 2-way ANOVA; main effect of sex: F(1,34) = 0.16, p = 0.68; main effect of genotype: F(1,34) = 35.60, p < 0.000002; sex × genotype interaction: F(1,34) = 0.0001, p = 0.99 |
| Time in light side | Sex and genotype | 2-way ANOVA; main effect of sex: F(1,34) = 2.32, p = 0.13; main effect of genotype: F(1,34) = 29.06, p < 0.00006; sex × genotype interaction: F(1,34) = 3.47, p = 0.071 |
| Crosses | Sex and genotype | 2-way ANOVA; main effect of sex: F(1,34) = 1.55, p = 0.22; main effect of genotype: F(1,34) = 26.83, p < 0.00002; sex × genotype interaction: F(1,34) = 0.71, p = 0.40 |
| Latency to enter light side | Sex and genotype; parametric | 2-way ANOVA; main effect of sex: F(1,34) = 0.002, p = 0.96; main effect of genotype: F(1,34) = 21.08, p < 0.00006; sex × genotype interaction: F(1,34) = 0.006, p = 0.93 |
| Time in dark side | Sex and genotype; nonparametric | 2-way ANOVA; main effect of sex: F(1,34) = 2.32, p = 0.14; main effect of genotype: F(1,34) = 29.06, p < 0.00006; sex × genotype interaction: F(1,34) = 3.47, p = 0.07 |
| Elevated plus maze (n = 18) | ||
| Distance traveled | Sex and genotype | 2-way ANOVA; main effect of sex: F(1,32) = 0.01, p = 0.90; main effect of genotype: F(1,32) = 0.05, p = 0.82; sex × genotype interaction: F(1,32) = 0.01, p = 0.91 |
| Velocity | Sex and genotype | 2-way ANOVA; main effect of sex: F(1,32) = 0.14, p = 0.70; main effect of genotype: F(1,32) = 0.48, p = 0.49; sex × genotype interaction: F(1,32) = 0.14, p = 0.70 |
| Time in open arms/time in both arms | Sex and genotype | 2-way ANOVA; main effect of sex: F(1,32) = 0.50, p = 0.48; main effect of genotype: F(1,32) = 0.12, p = 0.73; sex × genotype interaction: F(1,32) = 0.06, p = 0.79 |
| Entries in open/entries in both | Sex and genotype | 2-way ANOVA; main effect of sex: F(1,32) = 3.78, p = 0.06; main effect of genotype: F(1,32) = 3.07, p = 0.08; sex × genotype interaction: F(1,32) = 0.48, p = 0.49 |
| Morris water maze–initial training (n = 18) | ||
| Latency to reach platform | Sex, genotype, and day | 3-way rmANOVA; main effect of sex: F(1,32) = 0.35, p = 0.55; main effect of genotype: F(1,32) = 13.55, p < 0.001; main effect of day: F(7,224) = 36.47, p < 0.000001; sex × genotype interaction: F(1,32) = 0.12, p = 0.72; sex × day interaction: F(7,224) = 1.58, p = 0.14; genotype × day interaction: F(7,224) = 2.54, p < 0.05; sex × genotype × day interaction: F(7,224) = 0.53, p = 0.806 |
| Percentage thigmotaxis | Sex, genotype, and day | 3-way rmANOVA; main effect of sex: F(1,32) = 0.49, p = 0.49; main effect of genotype: F(1,32) = 7.62, p < 0.01; main effect of day: F(7,224) = 75.09, p < 0.000001; sex × genotype interaction: F(1,32) = 0.07, p = 0.79; sex × day interaction: F(7,224) = 5.09, p < 0.0001; genotype × day interaction: F(7,224) = 2.41, p < 0.05; sex × genotype × day interaction: F(7,224) = 2.10, p < 0.05 |
| Distance traveled to platform | Sex, genotype, and day | 3-way rmANOVA; main effect of sex: F(1,32) = 0.83, p = 0.36; main effect of genotype: F(1,32) = 17.41, p < 0.001; main effect of day: F(7,224) = 41.61, p < 0.000001; sex × genotype interaction: F(1,32) = 2.39, p = 0.13; sex × day interaction: F(7,224) = 1.02, p = 0.41; genotype × day interaction: F(7,224) = 3.25, p < 0.005; sex × genotype × day interaction: F(7,224) = 0.72, p = 0.65 |
| Average swim speed | Sex, genotype, and day | 3-way rmANOVA; main effect of sex: F(1,32) = 3.51, p = 0.07; main effect of genotype: F(1,32) = 0.5, p = 0.48; main effect of day: F(7,224) = 2.00, p = 0.05; sex × genotype interaction: F(1,32) = 5.48, p < 0.02; sex × day interaction: F(7,224) = 0.59, p = 0.75; genotype × day interaction: F(7,224) = 0.92, p = 0.48; sex × genotype × day interaction: F(7,224) = 1.12, p = 0.34 |
| WT versus KO | Planned comparisons: females (WT vs KO): p < 0.05; Males (WT vs KO): p = 0.22 | |
| Males versus females | Planned comparisons: WT (M vs F): p = 0.74 KO (M vs F): p < 0.0006 | |
| Morris water maze–probe trial (n = 18) | ||
| Percentage time in quadrant | Sex, genotype, and quadrant | 3-way rmANOVA; main effect of sex: F(1,32) = 0.91, p = 0.34; main effect of genotype: F(1,32) = 0.22, p = 0.63; main effect of quadrant: F(3,96) = 33.49, p < 0.000001; sex × genotype interaction: F(1,32) = 3.64, p = 0.06; sex × quadrant interaction: F(3,96) = 0.51, p = 0.67; genotype × quadrant interaction: F(3,96) = 4.21, p < 0.01; sex × genotype × quadrant interaction: F(3,96) = 0.63, p = 0.59 |
| WT versus KO within quadrants | Planned comparisons: TargetNW quad: p < 0.01; RightNE quad: p = 0.87; LeftSW quad: p = 0.40; OppositeSE quad: p < 0.01 | |
| Target versus other quads within WT | Planned comparisons: TargetNW versus RightNE: p < 0.00001; TargetNW versus LeftSW: p < 0.00001; TargetNW versus OppositeSE: p < 0.00001 | |
| Target versus other platforms KO | Planned comparisons: TargetNW versus RightNE: p < 0.02; TargetNW versus LeftSW: p < 0.02; TargetNW versus OppositeSE: p < 0.0001 | |
| Number of platform crossings | Sex, genotype, and platform | 3-way rmANOVA; main effect of sex: F(1,32) = 1.59, p = 0.21; main effect of genotype: F(1,32) = 0.01, p = 0.91; main effect of quadrant: F(3,96) = 13.00, p < 0.000001; sex × genotype interaction: F(1,32) = 8.39, p < 0.01; sex × quadrant interaction: F(3,96) = 1.30, p = 0.27; genotype × quadrant interaction: F(3,96) = 2.13, p = 0.10; sex × genotype × quadrant interaction: F(3,96) = 0.47, p = 0.70 |
| WT versus KO within platforms | Planned Comparisons: TargetNW quad: p = 0.27; RightNE quad: p = 0.69; LeftSW quad: p = 0.83; OppositeSE quad: p < 0.01 | |
| Target versus other platforms WT | Planned comparisons: TargetNW versus RightNE: p < 0.001; TargetNW versus LeftSW: p < 0.01; TargetNW versus OppositeSE: p < 0.0001 | |
| Target versus other platforms KO | Planned comparisons: TargetNW versus RightNE: p = 0.08; TargetNW versus LeftSW: p = 0.08; TargetNW versus OppositeSE: p = 0.052 | |
| WT versus KO | Planned comparisons: females (WT v sKO): p = 0.05; males (WT v sKO): p < 0.05 | |
| Males versus females | Planned comparisons: WT (M vs F): p = 0.25; KO (M vs F): p < 0.007 | |
| Average swim speed | Sex and genotype | 2-way ANOVA; main effect of sex: F(1,32) = 2.51, p = 0.12; main effect of genotype: F(1,32) = 0.03, p = 0.84; sex × genotype interaction: F(1,32) = 5.17, p < 0.01 |
| WT versus KO | Planned comparisons: females (WT vs KO): p = 0.10; males (WT vs KO): p = 0.12 | |
| Males versus females | Planned comparisons: WT (M vs F): p = 0.62; KO (M vs F): p < 0.05 | |
| Percentage thigmotaxis | Sex and genotype | 2-way ANOVA; main effect of sex: F(1,32) = 1.42, p = 0.24; main effect of genotype: F(1,32) = 5.45, p < 0.01; sex × genotype interaction: F(1,32) = 0.03, p = 0.84 |
| Distance traveled | Sex and genotype | 2-way ANOVA; main effect of sex: F(1,32) = 2.52, p = 0.12; main effect of genotype: F(1,32) = 0.03, p = 0.86; sex × genotype interaction: F(1,32) = 5.12, p < 0.05 |
| WT versus KO | Planned comparisons: females (WT vs KO): p = 0.11; males (WT vs KO): p = 0.12 | |
| Males versus females | Planned comparisons: WT (M vs F): p = 0.63; KO (M vs F): p < 0.02 | |
| Morris water maze–reversal training (n = 18) | ||
| Latency to reach platform | Sex, genotype, and day | 3-way rmANOVA; main effect of sex: F(1,32) = 0.0000041, p = 0.99; main effect of genotype: F(1,32) = 2.63, p = 0.11; main effect of day: F(4,128) = 8.05, p < 0.0009; sex × genotype interaction: F(1,32) = 1.21, p = 0.27; sex × day interaction: F(4,128) = 0.64, p = 0.63; genotype × day interaction: F(4,128) = 1.69, p = 0.15; sex × genotype × day interaction: F(4,128) = 0.27, p = 0.89 |
| Percentage thigmotaxis | Sex, genotype, and day | 3-way rmANOVA; main effect of sex: F(1,32) = 0.50, p = 0.48; main effect of genotype: F(1,32) = 2.29, p = 0.13; main effect of day: F(4,128) = 1.50, p = 0.20; sex × genotype interaction: F(1,32) = 0.39, p = 0.53; sex × day interaction: F(4,128) = 1.22, p = 0.30; genotype × day interaction: F(4,128) = 0.57, p = 0.68; sex × genotype × day interaction: F(4,128) = 0.77, p = 0.54 |
| Distance traveled to platform | Sex, genotype, and day | 3-way rmANOVA; main effect of sex: F(1,32) = 0.44, p = 0.51; main effect of genotype: F(1,32) = 2.08, p = 0.15; main effect of day: F(4,128) = 4.99, p < 0.0009; sex × genotype interaction: F(1,32) = 0.01, p = 0.89; sex × day interaction: F(4,128) = 0.91, p = 0.45; genotype × day interaction: F(4,128) = 2.64, p < 0.05; sex × genotype × day interaction: F(4,128) = 0.65, p = 0.62 |
| Average swim speed | Sex, genotype, and day | 3-way rmANOVA; main effect of sex: F(1,32) = 2.48, p = 0.12; main effect of genotype: F(1,32) = 0.006, p = 0.93; main effect of day: F(4,128) = 1.08, p = 0.36; sex × genotype interaction: F(1,32) = 3.05, p = 0.09; sex × day interaction: F(4,128) = 1.21, p = 0.30; genotype × day interaction: F(4,128) = 0.68, p = 0.60; sex × genotype × day interaction: F(4,128) = 1.84, p = 0.12 |
| Morris water maze–reversal probe (n = 18) | ||
| Percentage time in quadrant | Sex, genotype, and quadrant | 3-way rmANOVA; main effect of sex: F(1,32) = 0.71, p = 0.40; main effect of genotype: F(1,32) = 0.83, p = 0.36; main effect of quadrant: F(3,96) = 5.87, p < 0.01; sex × genotype interaction: F(1,32) = 0.76, p = 0.38; sex × quadrant interaction: F(3,96) = 1.76, p = 0.15; genotype × quadrant interaction: F(3,96) = 6.51, p < 0.001; sex × genotype × quadrant interaction: F(3,96) = 0.59, p = 0.61 |
| WT versus KO within platforms | Planned comparisons: TargetSE quad: p < 0.001; RightNE quad: p = 0.08; LeftSW quad: p = 0.76; OppositeNW quad: p < 0.01 | |
| Target versus other platforms WT | Planned comparisons: TargetSE versus RightNE: p < 0.001; TargetSE versus LeftSW: p < 0.001; TargetSE versus OppositeNW: p < 0.0001 | |
| Target versus other platforms KO | Planned comparisons: TargetSE versus RightNE: p = 0.55; TargetSE versus LeftSW: p = 0.32; TargetSE versus OppositeNW: p = 0.60 | |
| Number of platform crossings | Sex, genotype, and platform | 3-way rmANOVA; main effect of sex: F(1,32) = 0.003, p = 0.95; main effect of genotype: F(1,32) = 6.11, p < 0.02; main effect of quadrant: F(3,96) = 4.93, p < 0.01; sex × genotype interaction: F(1,32) = 0.63, p = 0.43; sex × quadrant interaction: F(3,96) = 0.35, p = 0.78; genotype × quadrant interaction: F(3,96) = 1.98, p = 0.12; sex × genotype × quadrant interaction: F(3,96) = 0.04, p = 0.98 |
| WT versus KO within platforms | Planned comparisons: TargetSE quad: p < 0.05; RightNE quad: p = 0.39; Left SW quad: p = 0.19; OppositeNW quad: p = 0.86 | |
| Target versus other platforms WT | Planned comparisons: TargetSE versus RightNE: p < 0.05; TargetSE versus LeftSW: p < 0.01; TargetSE versus OppositeNW: p < 0.01 | |
| Target versus other platforms KO | Planned comparisons: TargetSE versus RightNE: p = 0.66; TargetSE versus LeftSW: p = 0.20; TargetSE versus OppositeNW: p = 0.68 | |
| Average swim speed | Sex and genotype | 2-way ANOVA; main effect of sex: F(1,32) = 1.67, p = 0.20; main effect of genotype: F(1,32) = 1.16, p = 0.28; sex × genotype interaction: F(1,32) = 3.13, p = 0.08 |
| Percentage thigmotaxis | Sex and genotype | 2-way ANOVA; main effect of sex: F(1,32) = 0.49, p = 0.48; main effect of genotype: F(1,32) = 1.32, p = 0.25; sex × genotype interaction: F(1,32) =1.04, p = 0.31 |
| Distance traveled | Sex and genotype | 2-way ANOVA; main effect of sex: F(1,32) = 1.72, p = 0.19; main effect of genotype: F(1,32) = 1.12, p = 0.29; sex × genotype interaction: F(1,32) = 3.23, p = 0.08 |
| Visible water maze (n = 18) | ||
| Latency to platform | Sex and genotype | 2-way ANOVA; main effect of sex: F(1,32) = 0.15, p = 0.69; main effect of genotype: F(1,32) = 2.93, p = 0.09; sex × genotype: F(1,32) = 0.07, p = 0.78 |
| Percentage thigmotaxis | Sex and genotype | 2-way ANOVA; main effect of sex: F(1,32) = 0.0008, p = 0.97; main effect of genotype: F(1,32) = 0.98, p = 0.32; sex × genotype: F(1,32) = 0.04, p = 0.82 |
| Distance traveled to platform | Sex and genotype | 2-way ANOVA; main effect of sex: F(1,32) = 0.82, p = 0.36; main effect of genotype: F(1,32) = 3.34, p = 0.07; sex × genotype: F(1,32) = 0.02, p = 0.86 |
| Average swim speed | Sex and genotype | 2-way ANOVA; main effect of sex: F(1,32) = 0.89, p = 0.35; main effect of genotype: F(1,32) = 0.34, p = 0.56; sex × genotype: F(1,32) = 0.12, p = 0.72 |
| Hotplate (n = 18) | ||
| Time to lick shake hindpaw | Sex and genotype | 2-way ANOVA; main effect of sex: F(1,32) = 0.68, p = 0.41; main effect of genotype: F(1,32) = 4.38, p < 0.05; sex × genotype: F(1,32) = 0.97, p = 0.33 |
| Nesting behavior (n = 19) | ||
| Increase in nest height | Sex, genotype, and time | 3-way rmANOVA; main effect of sex: F(1,34) = 6.004, p < 0.02; main effect of genotype: F(1,34) = 17.78, p < 0.001; main effect of trial: F(2,68) = 17.44, p < 0.0001; sex × genotype interaction: F(1,34) = 7.57, p < 0.01; sex × trial interaction: F(2,68) = 1.78, p = 0.17; genotype × trial interaction: F(2,68) = 4.73, p < 0.02; sex × genotype × trial interaction: F(4,128) = 0.55, p = 0.57 |
| Increase in nest width | Sex, genotype, and time | 3-way rmANOVA; main effect of sex: F(1,34) = 3.77, p = 0.06; main effect of genotype: F(1,34) = 17.06, p < 0.001; main effect of trial: F(2,68) = 7.60, p < 0.01; sex × genotype interaction: F(1,34) = 3.55, p = 0.06; sex × trial interaction: F(2,68) = 1.84, p = 0.16; genotype × trial interaction: F(2,68) = 6.00, p < 0.004; sex × genotype × trial interaction: F(4,128) = 1.48, p = 0.23 |
| Three-choice interaction test– baseline (n = 17) | ||
| Distance traveled | Sex and genotype | 2-way ANOVA: main effect of sex: F(1,30) = 0.52, p = 0.47; main effect of genotype: F(1,30) = 2.70, p = 0.11; sex × genotype interaction: F(1,30) = 0.0004, p = 0.98 |
| Velocity | Sex and genotype | 2-way ANOVA: main effect of sex: F(1,30) = 0.43, p = 0.51; main effect of genotype: F(1,30) = 2.36, p = 0.13; sex × genotype interaction: F(1,30) = 0.0023, p = 0.96 |
| Time spent sniffing | Sex, genotype, and interaction target (front vs back) | 3-way rmANOVA: main effect of sex: F(1,30) = 0.03, p = 0.86; main effect of genotype: F(1,30) = 1.23, p = 0.27; main effect of target: F(1,30) = 0.01, p = 0.90; sex × genotype interaction: F(1,30) = 4.01, p = 0.05; sex × target interaction: F(1,30) = 1.00, p = 0.32; genotype × target interaction: F(1,30) = 0.06, p = 0.80; sex × genotype × target interaction: F(1,30) = 0.20, p = 0.65 |
| Effect of target (within each genotype) | Planned comparisons; A: p = 0.92; B: p = 0.79 | |
| Three-choice interaction test– social preference (n = 17) | ||
| Distance traveled | Sex and genotype | 2-way ANOVA: main effect of sex: F(1,30) = 3.57, p = 0.06; main effect of genotype: F(1,30) = 2.68, p = 0.11; sex × genotype interaction: F(1,30) = 0.14, p = 0.70 |
| Velocity | Sex and genotype | 2-way ANOVA: main effect of sex: F(1,30) = 1.30, p = 0.26; main effect of genotype: F(1,30) = 1.53, p = 0.22; sex × genotype interaction: F(1,30) = 0.55, p = 0.46 |
| Interaction time | Sex, genotype, and interaction target (inanimate vs social) | 3-way rmANOVA: main effect of sex: F(1,30) = 0.23, p = 0.63; main effect of genotype: F(1,30) = 2.95, p = 0.09; main effect of target: F(1,30) = 20.81, p < 0.0001; sex × genotype interaction: F(1,30) = 0.002, p = 0.96; sex × target interaction: F(1,30) = 1.54, p = 0.22; genotype × target interaction: F(1,30) = 0.36, p = 0.54; sex × genotype × target interaction: F(1,30) = 0.55, p = 0.46 |
| Effect of target within each genotype | Planned comparisons; A: p < 0.01; B: p < 0.001 | |
| Effect of gentoype (WT vs KO) within each target | Planned comparisons; social target: p = 0.60; inanimate: p < 0.01 | |
| Three-choice interaction test– social novelty (n = 17) | ||
| Distance traveled | Sex and genotype | 2-way ANOVA: main effect of sex: F(1,30) = 14.80, p < 0.0005; main effect of genotype: F(1,30) = 0.87, p = 0.35; sex × genotype interaction: F(1,30) = 0.13, p = 0.71 |
| Velocity | Sex and genotype | 2-way ANOVA: main effect of sex: F(1,30) = 15.90, p < 0.0003; main effect of genotype: F(1,30) = 0.45, p = 0.50; sex × genotype interaction: F(1,30) = 0.007, p = 0.93 |
| Interaction time | Genotype and interaction target (familiar vs stranger) | 3-way rmANOVA: main effect of sex: F(1,30) = 0.004, p = 0.94; main effect of genotype: F(1,30) = 0.56, p = 0.45; main effect of target: F(1,30) = 4.16, p = 0.05; sex × genotype interaction: F(1,30) = 0.10, p = 0.74; sex × target interaction: F(1,30) = 3.35, p = 0.07; genotype × target interaction: F(1,30) = 1.68, p = 0.20; sex × genotype × target interaction: F(1,30) = 0.17, p = 0.67 |
| Effect of target within each genotype | Planned comparisons; A: p < 0.05; B: p = 0.60 | |
| Effect of gentoype (WT vs KO) within each target | Planned comparisons; familiar target: p = 0.87; novel: p = 0.23 | |
| Social interaction with juvenile (n = 18) | ||
| Interaction time | Sex, genotype, and trial | 3-way rmANOVA; main effect of sex: F(1,32) = 1.46, p = 0.23; main effect of genotype: F(1,32) = 0.502, p = 0.48; main effect of trial: F(1,32) = 138.76, p < 0.000001; sex × genotype: F(1,32) = 1.00, p = 0.32; sex × trial interaction: F(1,32) = 0.008, p = 0.92; genotype × trial interaction: F(1,32) = 3.88, p = 0.05; sex × genotype × trial interaction: F(1,32) = 1.175, p = 0.28 |
| Trial (initial vs recognition) within each genotype | Planned comparisons; A: p < 0.00001; B: p < 0.00001 | |
| Locomotor habituation (n = 19) | ||
| Total beam breaks | Sex, genotype, and bin | 3-way rmANOVA; main effect of sex: F(1,34) = 0.32, p = 0.57; main effect of genotype: F(1,34) = 0.49, p = 0.48; main effect of trial: F(7,782) = 41.30, p < 0.000001; sex × genotype interaction: F(1,34) = 0.06, p = 0.80; sex × trial interaction: F(7,782) = 1.09, p = 0.34; genotype × trial: F(7,782) = 1.21, p = 0.22; sex × genotype × trial interaction: F(7,782) = 0.88, p = 0.61 |
| First bin only | Genotype and sex | 2-way ANOVA; main effect of sex: F(1,34) = 2.28, p = 0.14; main effect of genotype: F(1,34) = 4.43, p < 0.05; sex × genotype interaction: F = 0.09, p = 0.76 |
| Stereodypy beam breaks | Sex, genotype, and bin | 3-way rmANOVA; main effect of sex: F(1,34) = 0.45, p = 0.50; main effect of genotype: F(1,34) = 1.99, p = 0.16; main effect of trial: F(7,782) = 21.07, p < 0.000001; sex × genotype interaction: F(1,34) = 1.07, p = 0.30; sex × trial interaction: F(7,782) = 1.16, p = 0.27; genotype × trial: F(7,782) = 0.72, p = 0.81; sex × genotype × trial interaction: F(7,782) = 0.72, p = 0.82 |
| Ambulatory beam breaks | Sex, genotype, and bin | 3-way rmANOVA; main effect of sex: F(1,34) = 1.03, p = 0.31; main effect of genotype: F(1,34) = 2.07, p = 0.15; main effect of trial: F(7,782) = 39.29, p < 0.000001; sex × genotype interaction: F(1,34) = 0.001, p = 0.96; sex × trial interaction: F(7,782) = 1.07, p = 0.36; genotype × trial: F(7,782) = 1.42, p = 0.08; sex × genotype × trial interaction: F(7,782) = 0.89, p = 0.60 |
| Rotarod (n = 19) | ||
| Time to fall off | Sex, genotype, and trial | 3-way rmANOVA; main effect of sex: F(1,34) = 7.17, p < 0.02; main effect of genotype: F(1,34) = 6.95, p < 0.02; main effect of trial: F(7,238) = 11.71, p < 0.000001; sex × genotype interaction: F(1,34) = 0.45, p = 0.50; sex × trial interaction: F(7,238) = 0.51, p = 0.82; genotype × trial: F(7,238) = 1.60, p = 0.13; sex × genotype × trial interaction: F(7,238) = 1.88, p = 0.07 |
| WT versus KO within each gender | Planned comparisons: within females: p < 0.05; within males: p = 0.162 | |
| Males versus females within each genotype | Planned comparisons: within WT: p < 0.05; within KO: p = 0.164 | |
| Prepulse inhibition (n = 18) | ||
| Initial startle response | Sex and genotype | 2-way ANOVA; main effect of sex: F(1,32) = 0.15, p = 0.69; main effect of genotype: F(1,32) = 0.04, p = 0.83; sex × genotype interaction: F(1,32) = 0.12, p = 0.72 |
| Second set startle response | Sex and genotype | 2-way ANOVA; main effect of sex: F(1,32) = 0.01, p = 0.91; main effect of genotype: F(1,32) = 0.01, p = 0.89; sex × genotype interaction: F(1,32) = 0.08, p = 0.77 |
| Third set startle response | Sex and genotype | 2-way ANOVA; main effect of sex: F(1,32) = 0.002, p = 0.95; main effect of genotype: F(1,32) = 0.008, p = 0.92; sex × genotype interaction: F(1,32) = 0.0, p = 0.99 |
| Startle habituation | Sex, genotype, and trial | 3-way rmANOVA; main effect of sex: F(1,32) = 0.02, p = 0.87; main effect of genotype: F(1,32) = 0.02, p = 0.88; main effect of trial: F(2,64) = 6.16, p < 0.03; sex × genotype interaction: F(1,32) = 0.05, p = 0.81; sex × decibel interaction: F(2,64) = 1.13, p = 0.32; genotype × decibel interaction: F(2,64) = 0.09, p = 0.90; sex × genotype × decibel interaction: F(2,64) = 0.81, p = 0.44 |
| Prepulse inhibition | Sex, genotype, and decibel | 3-way rmANOVA; main effect of sex: F(1,34) = 5.85, p < 0.03; main effect of genotype: F(1,34) = 3.06, p = 0.08; main effect of trial: F(2,64) = 54.86, p < 0.0001; sex × genotype interaction: F(1,34) = 5.50, p < 0.03; sex × trial interaction: F(2,64) = 0.03, p = 0.96; genotype × trial interaction: F(2,64) = 0.20, p = 0.81; sex × genotype × trial interaction: F(2,64) = 1.14, p = 0.32 |
| WT versus KO | Planned comparisons: females (WT vs KO): p < 0.01; males (WT vs KO): p = 0.65 | |
| Males versus females | Planned comparisons: WT (M vs F): p = 0.95 KO (M vs F): p < 0.01 | |
| Startle threshold (n = 18) | ||
| Startle response | Sex, genotype, and decibel | 3-way rmANOVA; main effect of sex: F(1,32) = 0.19, p = 0.65; main effect of genotype: F(1,32) = 0.008, p = 0.92; main effect of trial: F(5,160) = 34.95, p < 0.0001; sex × genotype interaction: F(1,32) = 0.47, p = 0.49; sex × decibel interaction: F(5,160) = 0.25 p = 0.93; genotype × decibel interaction: F(5,160) = 0.03, p = 0.99; sex × genotype × decibel interaction: F(5,160) = 0.34, p = 0.88 |
| Marble burying (n = 19) | ||
| Number of marbles buried | Sex and genotype | 2-way ANOVA; main effect of sex: F(1,34) = 0.01, p = 0.90; main effect of genotype: F(1,34) = 58.20, p < 0.000001; sex × genotype interaction: F(1,34) = 0.19, p = 0.66 |
| Grooming (9–18 weeks old) (n = 19) | ||
| Time spent grooming | Sex and genotype | 2-way ANOVA: main effect of sex: F(1,34) = 2.04, p = 0.16; main effect of genotype: F(1,34) = 0.36, p = 0.54; sex × genotype interaction: F(1,34) = 0.03, p = 0.85 |
| Number of bouts | Sex and genotype | 2-way ANOVA: main effect of sex: F(1,34) = 0.17, p = 0.67; main effect of genotype: F(1,34) = 1.32, p = 0.25; sex × genotype interaction: F(1,34) = 0.25, p = 0.62 |
| Time per bout | Sex and genotype | 2-way ANOVA: main effect of sex: F(1,34) = 1.92, p = 0.17; main effect of genotype: F(1,34) = 0.44, p = 0.50; sex × genotype interaction: F(1,34) = 0.88, p = 0.35 |
| Grooming (10–13 months old) (n = 16) | ||
| Time spent grooming | Sex and genotype | 2-way ANOVA: main effect of sex: F(1,28) = 0.62, p = 0.43; main effect of genotype: F(1,28) = 4.69, p < 0.04; sex × genotype interaction: F(1,28) =1.61, p = 0.21 |
| Number of bouts | Sex and genotype | 2-way ANOVA: main effect of sex: F(1,28) = 1.13, p = 0.29; main effect of genotype: F(1,28) = 1.86, p = 0.18; sex × genotype interaction: F(1,28) = 0.53, p = 0.47 |
| Time per bout | Sex and genotype | 2-way ANOVA: main effect of sex: F(1,28) = 1.60, p = 0.21; main effect of genotype: F(1,28) = 6.00, p < 0.03; sex × genotype interaction: F(1,28) =2.44, p = 0.12 |
| USVs (10–13 months old) (n = 8) | ||
| Latency to call | Genotype | 1-way ANOVA; main effect of genotype: F(1,14) = 0.14, p = 0.71 |
| Number of calls | Genotype | 1-way ANOVA; main effect of genotype: F(1,14) = 0.40, p = 0.52 |
For ANOVAs, between-subjects factors are generally sex and genotype, with repeated measures (day, time, or trial). F(x,y), F ratio statistic is used to determine whether the variances in two independent samples are equal; x, y are degrees of freedom. Degrees of freedom is a measure of the number of independent pieces of information on which the precision of a parameter estimate is based. x, Number of groups − 1; y, number of animals per group − 1, multiplied by the number of groups.