Table 1.

Summary of participant characteristics

	PCE	NCOC	CTR	F or χ²	p	η_p²	PCE versus NCOC	PCE versus CTR	NCOC versus CTR
Infant
n (females)	45 (24)	43 (24)	64 (27)	1.67	0.433
Gestational age (d)	272 ± 1.65	280 ± 1.20	278 ± 1.03	8.10	< 0.001	0.10	0.001	0.003	0.871
Postnatal age (d)	308 ± 2.92	305 ± 1.53	306 ± 1.41	0.80	0.453	0.01
Birth weight (pounds)	6.70 ± 0.15	7.51 ± 0.17	7.59 ± 0.12	11.03	< 0.001	0.13	<0.001	<0.001	0.971
Mother
Education (rank score)^{^a}	4.82 ± 0.22	5.18 ± 0.27	6.20 ± 0.22	9.59	<0.001	0.14	0.719	<0.001	0.010
Depression (scale)	5.89 ± 0.72	5.32 ± 0.96	3.32 ± 0.38	4.59	0.012	0.06	0.921	0.016	0.096
Drug exposure (n)
Nicotine	40	37		0.01	0.938
Alcohol	14	17		0.37	0.546
Marijuana	22	20		0.17	0.992
SSRI^{^b}	14	5		3.85	0.050
Other^{^c}	15	6		3.54	0.060

↵^aRank scores for maternal education: 3, some high school; 4, graduated from high school; 5, trade school or business college; 6, some college; 7, graduated with a 4 year college degree; and 8, postgraduate work at a university.
↵^bAntidepressant.
↵^cMethadone, opiates, or suboxone