Table 1.

Demographic and neuropsychological information for the vmPFC participant group

ID	Age	Sex	Hand	Edu	Eti.	Chron	WAIS				COWA	CF		AVLT	WMS				Lesion volume
ID	Age	Sex	Hand	Edu	Eti.	Chron	VIQ	Sim	Inf	Voc	COWA	Raw	Norm	1/5/Delay	GMI	AI	AD	ADR	Total	vmPFC
318	75	M	100	14	Res.	39	142	18	16	16	54	53	0.49	10/14/10	109	118	114	125	76482	0.40
2025	61	F	100	16	Str.	19	113	12	11	12	50	49	−1.08	6/13/06	114	105	99	130	30433	0.44
2352	66	F	100	14	SAH	14	108	11	11	10	34	54	0.61	7/14/11	109	114	111	115	11239	0.20
2391	68	F	100	13	Res.	13	110	12	12	12	59	49	0.01	11/15/14	132	120	124	120	53719	0.56
3350	63	M	100	18	Res.	11	119	14	12	11	40	39	−1.92	8/14/13	108	117	114	100	34082	0.50
3534	75	F	100	12	Res.	5	107^{^a}	14^{^a}	9^{^a}	11^{^a}	32	55	0.74	7/15/12	117	134	114	135	34955	0.52
Mean	68			14.5		16.8	116.5	13.5	11.8	12	44.8	49.8	−0.2	8.2/14.2/11.0	114.8	118	112.7	120.8	40151	0.44
SD	5.9			2.2		11.8	13.2	2.5	2.3	2.1	11.1	5.9	1.1	1.9/0.8/2.8	9.1	9.4	8.0	12.4	22353	0.13

vmPFC participants were cognitively intact, with little evidence of impairment in verbal functions or memory. ID, Patient identification; Hand, handedness, 100 (fully right-handed); Edu, education in years; Eti, etiology, including resection (res.), stroke (str.), subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH); Chr, chronicity, years between brain injury and experiment; WAIS, Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, 3rd edition; VIQ, verbal IQ; Sim, Inf, and Voc, similarities, information, and vocabulary subtests age-corrected scaled scores; COWA, Controlled Oral Word Association task scaled scores; CF, category fluency task, raw score and age-corrected Z score; AVLT, Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test, trial 1 performance, trial 5 performance, and 30 min delay performance; WMS, Wechsler Memory Scale-III; GMI, WMS general memory index; AI, WMS auditory immediate index; AD, WMS auditory delay index; ADR, WMS auditory delayed recognition index; Lesion volume, Total, total lesion volume (mm³); vmPFC, proportion of vmPFC gray matter affected by lesion. Here, the vmPFC was an anatomically defined region of interest (Kumaran et al., 2015).
↵^aWAIS-IV used for patient 3534.