References
Bear MF, Connors B, Paradiso M (2006) Neuroscience—exploring the brain, 3rd edn. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia
Bjugn R, Gundersen HJ (1993) Estimate of the total number of neurons and glial and endothelial cells in the rat spinal cord by means of the optical dissector. J Comp Neurol 328:406–414
Christensen JR, Larsen KB, Lisanby SH, Scalia J, Arango V, Dwork AJ, Pakkenberg B (2007) Neocortical and hippocampal neuron and glial cell numbers in the rhesus monkey. Anat Rec 290:330–340
Dombrowski S, Hilgetag CC, Barbas H (2001) Quantitative architecture distinguishes prefrontal cortical systems in the rhesus monkey. Cereb Cortex 11:975–988
Herculano-Houzel S, Lent R (2005) Isotropic fractionator: a simple, rapid method for the quantification of total cell and neuron numbers in the brain. J Neurosci 25:2518–2521
Herculano-Houzel S, Collins CE, Wong P, Kaas JH (2007) Cellular scaling rules for primate brains. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104:3562–3567
Kandel ER, Schwartz JH, Jessell TM (eds) (2000) Principles of neural science, nerve cells and behavior, 4th edn. McGraw-Hill, New York, p 22
Lidow MS, Song ZM (2001) Primates exposed to cocaine in utero display reduced density and number of cerebral cortical neurons. J Comp Neurol 435:263–275
Nedergaard M, Ransom B, Goldman SA (2003) New roles for astrocytes: redefining the functional architecture of the brain. Trends Neurosci 26:523–530
Noctor SC, Martínez Cerdeño V, Kriegstein AR (2007) Contribution of intermediate progenitor cells to cortical histogenesis. Arch Neurol 64:639–642
O’Kusky J, Collonnier M (1982) A laminar analysis of the number of neurons, glia, and synapses in the adult cortex (area 17) of adult macaque monkeys. J Comp Neurol 210:278–290
Pakkenberg B, Gundersen HJG (1997) Neocortical neuron number in humans: effect of sex and age. J Comp Neurol 384:312–320
Pakkenberg B, Pelvig D, Marner L, Bundgaard MJ, Gundersen HJG, Nyengaard JR, Regeur L (2003) Aging and the human neocortex. Exp Gerontol 38:95–99
Schummers J, Yu H, Sur M (2008) Tuned responses of astrocytes and their influence on hemodynamic signals in the visual cortex. Science 320:1638–1643
Striedter GF (2005) Principles of brain evolution, Sinauer Associates, Inc., Sunderland, MA, USA, p 129
West MJ (1999) Stereological methods for estimating the total number of neurons and synapses: issues of precision and bias. Trends Neurosci 22:51–61
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Hilgetag, C.C., Barbas, H. Are there ten times more glia than neurons in the brain?. Brain Struct Funct 213, 365–366 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00429-009-0202-z
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00429-009-0202-z