Skip to main content
Log in

Abstract

This article addresses the neuroanatomical evidence for a progression of integrative representations of affective feelings from the body that lead to an ultimate representation of all feelings in the bilateral anterior insulae, or “the sentient self.” Evidence for somatotopy in the primary interoceptive sensory cortex is presented, and the organization of the mid-insula and the anterior insula is discussed. Issues that need to be addressed are highlighted. A possible basis for subjectivity in a cinemascopic model of awareness is presented.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Ackermann H, Riecker A (2004) The contribution of the insula to motor aspects of speech production: a review and a hypothesis. Brain Lang 89:320–328

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ackermann H, Riecker A (2010) The contribution(s) of the insula to speech communication: a review of the clinical and functional imaging literature. Brain Struc Func 214(5–6). doi:10.1007/s00429-010-0257-x

  • Adolphs R (2002) Trust in the brain. Nat Neurosci 5:192–193

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Allman JM, Watson KK, Tetreault NA, Hakeem AY (2005) Intuition and autism: a possible role for Von Economo neurons. Trends Cogn Sci 9:367–373

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Allman JM, Tetreault NA, Hakeem AY, Manaye KF, Semendeferi K, Erwin JM, Park S, Goubert V, Hof PR (2010) The von Economo neurons in frontoinsular and anterior cingulate cortex in great apes and humans. Brain Struc Func 214(5–6). doi:10.1007/s00429-010-0254-0

  • Baliki MN, Geha PY, Apkarian AV (2009) Parsing pain perception between nociceptive representation and magnitude estimation. J Neurophysiol 101:875–887

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barrett LF, Bar M (2009) See it with feeling: affective predictions during object perception. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 364:1325–1334

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bass AH, Gilland EH, Baker R (2008) Evolutionary origins for social vocalization in a vertebrate hindbrain-spinal compartment. Science 321:417–421

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bassetti C, Bogousslavsky J, Regli F (1993) Sensory syndromes in parietal stroke. Neurology 43:1942–1949

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baumgartner U, Tiede W, Treede RD, Craig AD (2006) Laser-evoked potentials are graded and somatotopically organized anteroposteriorly in the operculoinsular cortex of anesthetized monkeys. J Neurophysiol 96:2802–2808

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Berman S, Munakata J, Naliboff BD, Chang L, Mandelkern M, Silverman D, Kovalik E, Mayer EA (2000) Gender differences in regional brain response to visceral pressure in IBS patients. Eur J Pain 4:157–172

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Biemond A (1956) The conduction of pain above the level of the thalamus opticus. Arch Neurol Psychiatry 75:231–244

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Birklein F, Rolke R, Müller-Forell W (2005) Isolated insular infarction eliminates contralateral cold, cold pain, and pinprick perception. Neurology 65:1381

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bjornsdotter M, Loken L, Olausson H, Vallbo A, Wessberg J (2009) Somatotopic organization of gentle touch processing in the posterior insular cortex. J Neurosci 29:9314–9320

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brass M, Haggard P (2007) To do or not to do: the neural signature of self-control. J Neurosci 27:9141–9145

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brooks JC, Nurmikko TJ, Bimson WE, Singh KD, Roberts N (2002) fMRI of thermal pain: effects of stimulus laterality and attention. Neuroimage 15:293–301

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brooks JC, Zambreanu L, Godinez A, Craig AD, Tracey I (2005) Somatotopic organisation of the human insula to painful heat studied with high resolution functional imaging. Neuroimage 27:201–209

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Burton H, Videen TO, Raichle ME (1993) Tactile-vibration-activated foci in insular and parietal- opercular cortex studied with positron emission tomography: Mapping the second somatosensory area in humans. Somatosens Mot Res 10:297–308

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Buzsaki G (2006) Rhythms of the brain. Oxford University Press, New York

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Cacioppo JT, Larsen JT, Smith NK, Berntson GG (2004) The affect system: what lurks below the surface of feelings? In: Manstead ASR, Frijda NH, Fischer AH (eds) Feelings and emotions: The Amsterdam Conference. Cambridge University Press, New York, pp 223–242

  • Cappa S, Sterzi R, Vallar G, Bisiach E (1987) Remission of hemineglect and anosognosia during vestibular stimulation. Neuropsychologia 25:775–782

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carr L, Iacoboni M, Dubeau MC, Mazziotta JC, Lenzi GL (2003) Neural mechanisms of empathy in humans: a relay from neural systems for imitation to limbic areas. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100:5497–5502

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chikama M, McFarland NR, Amaral DG, Haber SN (1997) Insular cortical projections to functional regions of the striatum correlate with cortical cytoarchitectonic organization in the primate. J Neurosci 17:9686–9705

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Christensen MS, Ramsoy TZ, Lund TE, Madsen KH, Rowe JB (2006) An fMRI study of the neural correlates of graded visual perception. Neuroimage 31:1711–1725

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cole MW, Schneider W (2007) The cognitive control network: integrated cortical regions with dissociable functions. Neuroimage 37:343–360

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Craig AD (2002) How do you feel? Interoception: the sense of the physiological condition of the body. Nat Rev Neurosci 3:655–666

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Craig AD (2004a) Distribution of trigeminothalamic and spinothalamic lamina I terminations in the macaque monkey. J Comp Neurol 477:119–148

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Craig AD (2004b) A new view of pain as a homeostatic emotion. Trends Neurosci 26:303–307

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Craig AD (2005) Forebrain emotional asymmetry: a neuroanatomical basis? Trends Cogn Sci 9:566–571

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Craig AD (2008) Interoception and emotion: a neuroanatomical perspective. In: Lewis M, Haviland-Jones JM, Barrett LF (eds) Handbook of emotions, 3rd edn. Guilford Publications, New York, pp 272–288

    Google Scholar 

  • Craig AD (2009a) How do you feel-now? The anterior insula and human awareness. Nat Rev Neurosci 10:59–70

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Craig AD (2009b) Disembodied hallucinatory voices (comment on Sommer et al., 2008 Brain 131, 3169–3177). Brain 132:e123

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Craig AD, Krout K, Zhang E-T (1995) Cortical projections of VMpo, a specific pain and temperature relay in primate thalamus. Soc Neurosci Abstr 21:1165

    Google Scholar 

  • Craig AD, Chen K, Bandy D, Reiman EM (2000) Thermosensory activation of insular cortex. Nat Neurosci 3:184–190

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Craig AD, Krout K, Andrew D (2001) Quantitative response characteristics of thermoreceptive and nociceptive lamina I spinothalamic neurons in the cat. J Neurophysiol 86:1459–1480

    Google Scholar 

  • Critchley HD, Mathias CJ, Dolan RJ (2002) Fear conditioning in humans: the influence of awareness and autonomic arousal on functional neuroanatomy. Neuron 33:653–663

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Damasio AR (1994) Descartes’ error: emotion, reason, and the human brain. Putnam, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Damasio AR, Grabowski TJ, Bechara A, Damasio H, Ponto LL, Parvizi J, Hichwa RD (2000) Subcortical and cortical brain activity during the feeling of self-generated emotions. Nat Neurosci 3:1049–1056

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Deary IJ, Simonotto E, Meyer M, Marshall A, Marshall I, Goddard N, Wardlaw JM (2004) The functional anatomy of inspection time: an event-related fMRI study. Neuroimage 22:1466–1479

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dehaene S, Sergent C, Changeux JP (2003) A neuronal network model linking subjective reports and objective physiological data during conscious perception. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100:8520–8525

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Del Parigi A, Chen K, Salbe AD, Gautier JF, Ravussin E, Reiman EM, Tataranni PA (2002) Tasting a liquid meal after a prolonged fast is associated with preferential activation of the left hemisphere. NeuroReport 13:1141–1145

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dennett DC (2003) The self as a responding-and responsible-artifact. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1001:39–50

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Devue C, Collette F, Balteau E, Degueldre C, Luxen A, Maquet P, Bredart S (2007) Here I am: the cortical correlates of visual self-recognition. Brain Res 1143:169–182

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dostrovsky JO, Craig AD (1996) Nociceptive neurons in primate insular cortex. Soc Neurosci Abstr 22:111

    Google Scholar 

  • Dronkers NF (1996) A new brain region for coordinating speech articulation. Nature 384:159–161

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Egan G, Silk T, Zamarripa F, Williams J, Federico P, Cunnington R, Carabott L, Blair-West J, Shade R, McKinley M, Farrell M, Lancaster J, Jackson G, Fox P, Denton D (2003) Neural correlates of the emergence of consciousness of thirst. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100:15241–15246

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Farrer C, Frey SH, Van Horn JD, Tunik E, Turk D, Inati S, Grafton ST (2008) The angular gyrus computes action awareness representations. Cereb Cortex 18:254–261

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fink GR, Frackowiak RSJ, Pietrzyk U, Passingham RE (1997) Multiple nonprimary motor areas in the human cortex. J Neurophysiol 77:2164–2174

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Frank GK, Oberndorfer TA, Simmons AN, Paulus MP, Fudge JL, Yang TT, Kaye WH (2008) Sucrose activates human taste pathways differently from artificial sweetener. Neuroimage 39:1559–1569

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Friedman DP, Murray EA, O’Neill JB, Mishkin M (1986) Cortical connections of the somatosensory fields of the lateral sulcus of macaques: evidence for a corticolimbic pathway for touch. J Comp Neurol 252:323–347

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Frith CD, Frith U (2007) Social cognition in humans. Curr Biol 17:R724–R732

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fudge JL, Breitbart MA, Danish M, Pannoni V (2005) Insular and gustatory inputs to the caudal ventral striatum in primates. J Comp Neurol 490:101–118

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Greenspan JD, Lee RR, Lenz FA (1999) Pain sensitivity alterations as a function of lesion location in the parasylvian cortex. Pain 81:273–282

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Griffiths TD, Warren JD, Dean JL, Howard D (2004) “When the feeling’s gone”: a selective loss of musical emotion. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 75:344–345

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grudnik JL, Kranzler JH (2001) Meta-analysis of the relationship between intelligence and inspection time. Intelligence 29:523–535

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Heilman KM (2000) Emotional experience: a neurological model. In: Lane RD, Nadel L (eds) Cognitive neuroscience of emotion. Oxford University Press, New York, pp 328–344

    Google Scholar 

  • Henderson LA, Gandevia SC, Macefield VG (2007) Somatotopic organization of the processing of muscle and cutaneous pain in the left and right insula cortex: a single-trial fMRI study. Pain 128:20–30

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hodgson T, Chamberlain M, Parris B, James M, Gutowski N, Husain M, Kennard C (2007) The role of the ventrolateral frontal cortex in inhibitory oculomotor control. Brain 130:1525–1537

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hua LH, Strigo IA, Baxter LC, Johnson SC, Craig AD (2005) Anteroposterior somatotopy of innocuous cooling activation focus in human dorsal posterior insular cortex. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 289:R319–R325

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huang J, Craig AD (2008) Multiple laser evoked potential sources in the neighborhood of the operculoinsular cortex of the anesthetized macaque monkey. Soc Neurosci (Online)

  • Ibañez A, Gleichgerrcht E, Manes F (2010) Clinical effects of insular damage in humans. Brain Struc Func 214(5–6). doi:10.1007/s00429-010-0256-y

  • Jabbi M, Bastiaansen J, Keysers C (2008) A common anterior insula representation of disgust observation, experience and imagination shows divergent functional connectivity pathways. PLoS ONE 3:e2939

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jackson PL, Brunet E, Meltzoff AN, Decety J (2006) Empathy examined through the neural mechanisms involved in imagining how I feel versus how you feel pain. Neuropsychologia 44:752–761

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson JI, Buchanan KJ, Morris JA, Fobbs AJ (2009) Interrelation of gyral formations, cytoarchitectural variations, and sensory regions in human insular cortex. Soc Neurosci (Online)

  • Karnath HO, Baier B (2010) Right insula for our sense of limb ownership and self-awareness of actions. Brain Struc Func 214(5–6). doi:10.1007/s00429-010-0250-4

  • Karnath HO, Baier B, Nagele T (2005) Awareness of the functioning of one’s own limbs mediated by the insular cortex? J Neurosci 25:7134–7138

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kikyo H, Ohki K, Miyashita Y (2002) Neural correlates for feeling-of-knowing: an fMRI parametric analysis. Neuron 36:177–186

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Klein TA, Endrass T, Kathmann N, Neumann J, von Cramon DY, Ullsperger M (2007) Neural correlates of error awareness. Neuroimage 34:1774–1781

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Koelsch S, Fritz T, VC DY, Muller K, Friederici AD (2006) Investigating emotion with music: an fMRI study. Hum Brain Mapp 27:239–250

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kranczioch C, Debener S, Schwarzbach J, Goebel R, Engel AK (2005) Neural correlates of conscious perception in the attentional blink. Neuroimage 24:704–714

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Laird JM (2007) Feelings. Oxford University Press, New York

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Lamm C, Singer T (2010) The role of anterior insular cortex in social emotions. Brain Struc Func 214(5–6). doi:10.1007/s00429-010-0251-3

  • Leonard WR, Robertson ML, Snodgrass JJ, Kuzawa CW (2003) Metabolic correlates of hominid brain evolution. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 136:5–15

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis M (2008) The emergence of human emotions. In: Lewis M, Haviland-Jones JM, Barrett LF (eds) Handbook of emotions, 3rd edn. Guilford Press, New York, pp 304–319

    Google Scholar 

  • Livesey AC, Wall MB, Smith AT (2007) Time perception: manipulation of task difficulty dissociates clock functions from other cognitive demands. Neuropsychologia 45:321–331

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Macneilage PF, Rogers LJ, Vallortigara G (2009) Origins of the left and right brain. Sci Am 301:60–67

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mazzola L, Isnard J, Peyron R, Guenot M, Mauguiere F (2009) Somatotopic organization of pain responses to direct electrical stimulation of the human insular cortex. Pain 146:99–104

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Menon V, Levitin DJ (2005) The rewards of music listening: response and physiological connectivity of the mesolimbic system. Neuroimage 28:175–184

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Michelon P, Snyder AZ, Buckner RL, McAvoy M, Zacks JM (2003) Neural correlates of incongruous visual information. An event-related fMRI study. Neuroimage 19:1612–1626

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moayedi M, Weissman-Fogel I (2009) Is the insula the “how much” intensity coder? J Neurophysiol 102:1345–1347

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mufson EJ, Sobreviela T, Kordower JH (1997) Chemical neuroanatomy of the primate insula cortex: relationship to cytoarchitectonics, connectivity, function and neurodegeneration. In: Bloom FE, Bjorklund A, Hokfelt T (eds) Handbook of chemical neuroanatomy, vol 13. The primate nervous system, part I. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 377–454

  • Mutschler I, Schulze-Bonhage A, Glauche V, Demandt E, Speck O, Ball T (2007) A rapid sound-action association effect in human insular cortex. PLoS ONE 2:e259

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mutschler I, Wieckhorst B, Kowalevski S, Derix J, Wentlandt J, Schulze-Bonhage A, Ball T (2009) Functional organization of the human anterior insular cortex. Neurosci Lett 457:66–70

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Naidich TP, Kang E, Fatterpekar GM, Delman BN, Gultekin SH, Wolfe D, Ortiz O, Yousry I, Weismann M, Yousry TA (2004) The insula: anatomic study and MR imaging display at 1.5 T. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 25:222–232

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Olausson H, Lamarre Y, Backlund H, Morin C, Wallin BG, Starck G, Ekholm S, Strigo I, Worsley K, Vallbo AB, Bushnell MC (2002) Unmyelinated tactile afferents signal touch and project to insular cortex. Nat Neurosci 5:900–904

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Oppenheimer SM, Gelb A, Girvin JP, Hachinski VC (1992) Cardiovascular effects of human insular cortex stimulation. Neurology 42:1727–1732

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Orfei MD, Robinson RG, Prigatano GP, Starkstein S, Rusch N, Bria P, Caltagirone C, Spalletta G (2007) Anosognosia for hemiplegia after stroke is a multifaceted phenomenon: a systematic review of the literature. Brain 130:3075–3090

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ortigue S, Grafton ST, Bianchi-Demicheli F (2007) Correlation between insula activation and self-reported quality of orgasm in women. Neuroimage 37:551–560

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pelchat ML, Johnson A, Chan R, Valdez J, Ragland JD (2004) Images of desire: food-craving activation during fMRI. Neuroimage 23:1486–1493

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Penfield W, Rasmussen T (1968) The cerebral cortex of man: a clinical study of localization of function. Hafner Publishing Company, New York, p 1

    Google Scholar 

  • Picard F, Craig AD (2009) Ecstatic epileptic seizures: a potential window on the neural basis for human self-awareness. Epilepsy Behav 16:539–546

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Porges SW (2003) The polyvagal theory: phylogenetic contributions to social behavior. Physiol Behav 79:503–513

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Porubska K, Veit R, Preissl H, Fritsche A, Birbaumer N (2006) Subjective feeling of appetite modulates brain activity: an fMRI study. Neuroimage 32:1273–1280

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Preuschoff K, Quartz SR, Bossaerts P (2008) Human insula activation reflects risk prediction errors as well as risk. J Neurosci 28:2745–2752

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pritchard TC, Hamilton RB, Morse JR, Norgren R (1986) Projections of thalamic gustatory and lingual areas in the monkey, Macaca fascicularis. J Comp Neurol 244:213–228

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Qureshy A, Kawashima R, Imran MB, Sugiura M, Goto R, Okada K, Inoue K, Itoh M, Schormann T, Zilles K, Fukuda H (2000) Functional mapping of human brain in olfactory processing: a PET study. J Neurophysiol 84:1656–1666

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenkranz MA, Busse WW, Johnstone T, Swenson CA, Crisafi GM, Jackson MM, Bosch JA, Sheridan JF, Davidson RJ (2005) Neural circuitry underlying the interaction between emotion and asthma symptom exacerbation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102:13319–13324

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Roy M, Peretz I, Rainville P (2008) Emotional valence contributes to music-induced analgesia. Pain 134:140–147

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Royet JP, Koenig O, Gregoire MC, Cinotti L, Lavenne F, Le BD, Costes N, Vigouroux M, Farget V, Sicard G, Holley A, Mauguiere F, Comar D, Froment JC (1999) Functional anatomy of perceptual and semantic processing for odors. J Cogn Neurosci 11:94–109

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Saper CB (2002) The central autonomic nervous system: conscious visceral perception and autonomic pattern generation. Annu Rev Neurosci 25:433–469

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sarinopoulos I, Dixon GE, Short SJ, Davidson RJ, Nitschke JB (2006) Brain mechanisms of expectation associated with insula and amygdala response to aversive taste: implications for placebo. Brain Behav Immunol 20:120–132

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sarinopoulos I, Grupe DW, Mackiewicz KL, Herrington JD, Lor M, Steege EE, Nitschke JB (2009) Uncertainty during anticipation modulates neural responses to aversion in human insula and amygdala. Cereb Cortex

  • Schmahmann JD, Leifer D (1992) Parietal pseudothalamic pain syndrome: clinical features and anatomic correlates. Arch Neurol 49:1032–1037

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Seeley WW (2010) Anterior insula degeneration in frontotemporal dementia. Brain Struc Func 214(5–6). doi:10.1007/s00429-010-0263-z

  • Seeley WW, Menon V, Schatzberg AF, Keller J, Glover GH, Kenna H, Reiss AL, Greicius MD (2007a) Dissociable intrinsic connectivity networks for salience processing and executive control. J Neurosci 27:2349–2356

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Seeley WW, Allman JM, Carlin DA, Crawford RK, Macedo MN, Greicius MD, Dearmond SJ, Miller BL (2007b) Divergent social functioning in behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer disease: reciprocal networks and neuronal evolution. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 21:S50–S57

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Seymour B, O’Doherty JP, Dayan P, Koltzenburg M, Jones AK, Dolan RJ, Friston KJ, Frackowiak RS (2004) Temporal difference models describe higher-order learning in humans. Nature 429:664–667

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sherrington CS (1900) Cutaneous sensations. In: Schäfer EA (ed) Text-book of physiology. Pentland, Edinburgh, pp 920–1001

    Google Scholar 

  • Shi CJ, Cassell MD (1998) Cortical, thalamic, and amygdaloid connections of the anterior and posterior insular cortices. J Comp Neurol 399:440–468

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Singer W (1998) Consciousness and the structure of neuronal representations. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 353:1829–1840

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Singer T, Seymour B, O’Doherty J, Kaube H, Dolan RJ, Frith CD (2004) Empathy for pain involves the affective but not sensory components of pain. Science 303:1157–1162

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Small DM (2010) Taste representation in the human insula. Brain Struc Func 214(5–6). doi:10.1007/s00429-010-0266-9

  • Small DM, Zatorre RJ, Dagher A, Evans AC, Jones-Gotman M (2001) Changes in brain activity related to eating chocolate: from pleasure to aversion. Brain 124:1720–1733

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sommer IE, Diederen KM, Blom JD, Willems A, Kushan L, Slotema K, Boks MP, Daalman K, Hoek HW, Neggers SF, Kahn RS (2008) Auditory verbal hallucinations predominantly activate the right inferior frontal area. Brain 131:3169–3177

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Spinazzola L, Pia L, Folegatti A, Marchetti C, Berti A (2008) Modular structure of awareness for sensorimotor disorders: evidence from anosognosia for hemiplegia and anosognosia for hemianaesthesia. Neuropsychologia 46:915–926

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sridharan D, Levitin DJ, Menon V (2008) A critical role for the right fronto-insular cortex in switching between central-executive and default-mode networks. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105:12569–12574

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stefanacci L, Amaral DG (2002) Some observations on cortical inputs to the macaque monkey amygdala: an anterograde tracing study. J Comp Neurol 451:301–323

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Takahashi H, Matsuura M, Koeda M, Yahata N, Suhara T, Kato M, Okubo Y (2008) Brain activations during judgments of positive self-conscious emotion and positive basic emotion: pride and joy. Cereb Cortex 18:898–903

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor KS, Seminowicz DA, Davis KD (2009) Two systems of resting state connectivity between the insula and cingulate cortex. Hum Brain Mapp 30:2731–2745

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thielscher A, Pessoa L (2007) Neural correlates of perceptual choice and decision making during fear-disgust discrimination. J Neurosci 27:2908–2917

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tononi G, Koch C (2008) The neural correlates of consciousness: an update. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1124:239–261

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Uddin LQ, Rayman J, Zaidel E (2005) Split-brain reveals separate but equal self-recognition in the two cerebral hemispheres. Conscious Cogn 14:633–640

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Uddin LQ, Supekar K, Amin H, Rykhlevskaia E, Nguyen DA, Greicius MD, Menon V (2010) Dissociable connectivity within human angular gyrus and intraparietal sulcus: evidence from functional and structural connectivity. Cereb Cortex

  • Vandenbergh J, Dupont P, Fischler B, Bormans G, Persoons P, Janssens J, Tack J (2005) Regional brain activation during proximal stomach distention in humans: a positron emission tomography study. Gastroenterology 128:564–573

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Veldhuizen MG, Bender G, Constable RT, Small DM (2007) Trying to detect taste in a tasteless solution: modulation of early gustatory cortex by attention to taste. Chem Senses 32:569–581

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Voets NL, Adcock JE, Flitney DE, Behrens TE, Hart Y, Stacey R, Carpenter K, Matthews PM (2006) Distinct right frontal lobe activation in language processing following left hemisphere injury. Brain 129:754–766

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vogel H, Port JD, Lenz FA, Solaiyappan M, Krauss G, Treede RD (2003) Dipole source analysis of laser-evoked subdural potentials recorded from parasylvian cortex in humans. J Neurophysiol 89:3051–3060

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • von Economo C (1926) Eine neue Art Spezialzellen des Lobus cinguli und Lobus insulae. Z Ges Neurol Psychiatr. 100:706–712

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang GJ, Tomasi D, Backus W, Wang R, Telang F, Geliebter A, Korner J, Bauman A, Fowler JS, Thanos PK, Volkow ND (2008) Gastric distention activates satiety circuitry in the human brain. Neuroimage 39:1824–1831

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wegner DM (2002) The illusion of conscious will. The MIT Press, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Wheeler ME, Petersen SE, Nelson SM, Ploran EJ, Velanova K (2008) Dissociating early and late error signals in perceptual recognition. J Cogn Neurosci 20:2211–2225

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wilke M, Sohn JH, Byars AW, Holland SK (2003) Bright spots: correlations of gray matter volume with IQ in a normal pediatric population. Neuroimage 20:202–215

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Winston JS, Strange BA, O’Doherty J, Dolan RJ (2002) Automatic and intentional brain responses during evaluation of trustworthiness of faces. Nat Neurosci 5:277–283

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zautra AJ, Fasman R, Davis MC, Craig AD (2010) The effects of slow breathing on affective responses to pain stimuli: an experimental study. Pain 149:12–18

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to A. D. (Bud) Craig.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Craig, A.D. The sentient self. Brain Struct Funct 214, 563–577 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00429-010-0248-y

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00429-010-0248-y

Keywords

Navigation