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2013, NeuroImageCitation Excerpt :The local axon of a “thick tufted” neuron arborizes mostly in the infragranular layers, where it spreads laterally, but it can also send a few collaterals to the superficial layers. Depending on the cortical area, the “thick tufted” pyramidal neuron output to the superior colliculus, trigeminal nuclei, spinal cord, thalamus, striatum, pons and red nucleus (Brown and Hestrin, 2009; Deschenes et al., 1979; Gabbott et al., 1987; Hamada et al., 1981; Hattox and Nelson, 2007; Hubener and Bolz, 1988; Hubener et al., 1990; Jones, 1984; Kasper et al., 1994; Landry et al., 1980; Larsen et al., 2007; Morishima and Kawaguchi, 2006; Ojima et al., 1992). The second type of layer 5 pyramidal cell is the “slender tufted” or “tall simple”, which has a slender apical dendrite that may, but not always, reach as high as layer one, but does not form a parasol-like tuft.
Two-photon imaging and the activation of cortical neurons
2013, NeuroscienceCitation Excerpt :Furthermore, since two-photon imaging is restricted to the superficial portion of cortex (i.e. between 0 and 500 μm below the cortical surface) little can be said about how neurons in deeper portions of cortex, such as lamina V, behave during the evocation of electrically elicited responses. It has become very clear in recent years (but known for a long time) that most responses evoked electrically from the neocortex are generated primarily by the largest pyramidal elements exiting from the deepest layers and projecting subcortically (Phillips, 1956; Rutledge and Doty, 1962; Takahashi, 1965; Stoney et al., 1968; Calvin and Sypert, 1976; Finlay et al., 1976; Deschenes et al., 1979; Macpherson et al., 1982; Swadlow, 1985, 1988; Nowak and Bullier, 1996; Tehovnik et al., 2005, 2006, 2009; Logothetis et al., 2010; Koivuniemi et al., 2011). Also it is well established that most neuronal traffic in the cortex occurs mainly along the vertical dimensions of a cortical column (Lund et al., 1975; Fitzpatrick et al., 1985; Peters and Sethares, 1991, 1996; Peters, 1994) and less so along the horizontal dimension, largely because horizontal traffic is curtailed by poor responsivity due to low myelination and sluggish synapses (Raymond and Lettvin, 1978; Swadlow, 1985; Grinvald et al., 1994; Nowak and Bullier, 1996; Slovin et al., 2002).
A method to measure the distribution of latencies of motor evoked potentials in man
2011, Clinical NeurophysiologyCitation Excerpt :With the above reasoning, we assume that varying conduction velocities of axons within the pyramidal tract are the most likely factor causing the observed MepL distribution. Under this assumption, the two peaks of the density function are suggestive of the presence of two fibre populations in the human corticospinal tract corresponding to the fast and the slow type of cells found in the pyramidal tract of cats (Takahashi, 1965; Deschênes et al., 1979) and primates (Humphrey and Corrie, 1978); and corresponding to the findings from anatomical studies in man (Weil and Lassek, 1929; Lassek and Rasmussen, 1939; Verhaart, 1947, 1950; Graf von Keyserlingk and Schramm, 1984; Terao et al., 1994). Interestingly, Edgley et al. (1997) found that fast-conducting corticospinal had lower thresholds for D waves in response to TMS, whereas slow-conducting corticospinal axons had lower thresholds for I waves, and a D wave could be elicited in only 3 out of 23 axons with a conduction velocity <40 m/s.
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2004, Neural NetworksCerebellar activation of cortical motor regions: Comparisons across mammals
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