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2020, Medical HypothesesCitation Excerpt :As for zolpidem – all three opioid receptor subtypes (mu, delta, kappa) were found to be involved in zolpidem’s antinociceptive effect equally. Many antidepressant medications (tricyclics, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and selective noradrenaline-serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs)) are widely prescribed as analgesics for the treatment of severe pain in non-depressed patients [26,27] on the rational that they block reuptake of serotonin and noradrenaline, involved in pain modulation [28,29]. Some of these drugs’ antinociceptive mechanisms of action apparently involve, in addition, a direct, central potentiation of the endogenous opioid system [30], hence exert an activation of a mixed antinociceptive effect mediated by serotonergic and/or noradrenergic pathways [29,31,32] combined with an opioid mechanism [32].
The antinociceptive effect of intravenous imipramine in colorectal distension-induced visceral pain in rats: The role of serotonergic and noradrenergic receptors
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2012, Nitric Oxide - Biology and ChemistryCitation Excerpt :It was also supported that the analgesic effect of desipramine is not related to their NE reuptake inhibition on a different model of pain i.e. carrageenan-induced inflammatory model in rats [26]. Moreover, It was studied in rats that acute i.p. injection of other TCAs increase thermal pain threshold and pretreatment with the serotonin synthesis inhibitor, pCPA blocked their analgesic effect [27,28]. On the other hand, a discrepant effect was observed that desipramine was of equal efficacy to amitriptyline in patients with diabetic neuropathy [9].