Research reportEnvironmental enrichment reverses the detrimental action of early inconsistent stimulation and increases the beneficial effects of postnatal handling on shuttlebox learning in adult rats
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2023, NeuroscienceRevisiting the role of anxiety in the initial acquisition of two-way active avoidance: pharmacological, behavioural and neuroanatomical convergence
2020, Neuroscience and Biobehavioral ReviewsCitation Excerpt :Later studies have replicated these findings and, importantly, they have also established that one of the most evident consequences of such a mild infantile stimulation treatment is that it leads to enduring anti-stress and anxiety-reducing effects in many different tests or conditions (e.g., Escorihuela et al., 1991, 1992, 1994, 1995; Núñez et al., 1995, 1996; Ferré et al., 1995; Levine et al., 1967; Meaney et al., 1988; Fernández-Teruel et al., 1992, 1997, 2002b; Raineki et al., 2014; Rio-Alamos et al., 2015, 2017). Thus, taking also into account that NH-induced improvements on two-way avoidance are observed during the initial acquisition stages (i.e. when the approach-avoidance conflict is more intense), the most likely hypothesis is that NH improves acquisition of the task because of its long-term anxiety-reducing effects (e.g. Escorihuela et al., 1994, 1995; Nuñez et al., 1995; Rio-Alamos et al., 2015, 2017). This contention is further supported by the fact that unconditioned locomotor activity (measured as crossings during the 5-10 min period of familiarization with the shuttle box prior to the start of the training session) was not increased in any of those studies.
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