Colour coding in the cerebral cortex: The reaction of cells in monkey visual cortex to wavelengths and colours
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What do neurons really want? The role of semantics in cortical representations
2019, Psychology of Learning and Motivation - Advances in Research and TheoryCitation Excerpt :A successful implementation of this idea by Connor and colleagues (Yamane, Carlson, Bowman, Wang, & Connor, 2008) has been used to investigate selectivity in macaque areas V4 and ITC (Carlson, Rasquinha, Zhang, & Connor, 2011; Hung, Carlson, & Connor, 2012; Vaziri & Connor, 2016). Using a combination of these stimulus selection approaches, seminal studies led to foundational discoveries about visual processing, including center-surround receptive fields (Kuffler, 1953), neurons in primary visual cortex that is tuned to the orientation of a bar placed within their receptive fields (Hubel & Wiesel, 1962), neurons in area MT that discriminate motion direction (Movshon & Newsome, 1992), neurons in area V4 that is sensitive to colors (Zeki, 1983) and curvature (Gallant, Braun, & Van Essen, 1993; Pasupathy & Connor, 2001), selectivity to natural objects (DiCarlo et al., 2012; Logothetis & Sheinberg, 1996) including faces (Desimone et al., 1984; Tsao et al., 2006), among many others. Despite these extensive and heroic efforts, we still do not know that any of those tuning properties are optimal for those neurons – where optimal means triggering high firing rates.
Columnar organization of mid-spectral and end-spectral hue preferences in human visual cortex
2018, NeuroImageCitation Excerpt :In humans (Zeki et al., 1991; Hadjikhani et al., 1998; Beauchamp et al., 1999; Bartels and Zeki, 2000; Mullen et al., 2007; Lafer-Sousa et al., 2016; Nasr et al., 2016) and other primates (Zeki, 1983; Livingstone and Hubel, 1984; Tootell et al., 2004; Lu and Roe, 2008; Wade et al., 2008; Lim et al., 2009), multiple studies have reported neural clusters or areas that respond selectively to hue-varying (rather than luminance-varying) stimuli, in different visual areas, including striate and extrastriate cortex. At a smaller spatial scale, Zeki was first to report hue-selective ‘color columns’ in a fourth-named area (V4) in macaque visual cortex (Zeki, 1973, 1983). In such columns, neurons that respond selectively to a given stimulus hue (e.g. either red, green, or blue) are grouped together along a radial (vertical) axis, i.e. perpendicular to the cortical surface.