Theoretical reviewOrganization of brainstem behavioral systems
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2018, NeuroscienceCitation Excerpt :In past years, this engineering-themed approach has made the analysis of brainstem circuitry a center-point of neuroscience, as highlighted by studies on the control of balance and visual stability in the vestibular and oculomotor system (Lisberger et al., 1987; Gittis and du Lac, 2006), the organization of respiratory centers (Feldman and Del Negro, 2006; Alheid and McCrimmon, 2008, Garcia et al., 2011), and the nature of nociceptive/tactile sensory pathways in the trigeminal system (Dubner et al., 1983). A challenge in reverse engineering brainstem circuits concerns the identification of the circuit components that merge sets of motor actions into behaviors (Berntson and Micco, 1976). Ongoing efforts to delineate such circuits combine high-resolution behavioral quantification (Kurnikova et al., 2017), simultaneous recordings of brainstem circuits dynamics, and transsynaptic viral tracing (Kleinfeld et al., 2014; Stanek et al., 2014).
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2017, NeuroImage: ClinicalCitation Excerpt :The brainstem plays a pivotal role in brain function and is critical for survival, regulating processes including rhythmic breathing, blood pressure, and sleep cycles (Cohen 1979; Guertzenstein and Silver 1974; Hobson et al. 1975). Stimulation to the brainstem has also been shown to elicit complex goal-oriented behavior, and has been further implicated in controlling locomotion associated with behavioral responses to rewarding or aversive stimuli (Berntson and Micco 1976; Drew et al. 2004). It also serves as an important relay station for cortical signals, and is innervated by the auditory, visual, and motor networks.
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2015, NeuronCitation Excerpt :However, the capacity to sequence and coordinate movements that—in theory at least—can be generated from a pre-established subcortical motor repertoire (Shmuelof and Krakauer, 2011; Yin et al., 2009) is a fundamental aspect of many motor skills. Several studies have suggested that innate movement patterns can be quite flexible (Berkinblit et al., 1986; Grillner and Wallén, 2004), leaving open the possibility that new motor behaviors can be formed by adapting subcortically generated motor programs to novel contingencies and demands (Berntson and Micco, 1976; Grillner and Wallén, 2004). But, if so, what are the limits of such plasticity, and what degree of autonomy do lower-level motor circuits have when it comes to executing learned motor skills?
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