Hypothalamic connections with the cerebral cortex

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This chapter discusses the relationships of the hypothalamus with the cerebral cortex, and what is known of their physiological significance. Most of this information was first discovered and are elucidated in rats. From the study, it is found that the hypothalamus is the key area for the integration of forebrain control of autonomic and endocrine function with ongoing behavior and emotional state. The picture that emerges for descending cortical projections is that the major output for autonomic control by the cerebral cortex is directed from the medial prefrontal cortex, the insular cortex, and the central nucleus of the amygdala to the lateral hypothalamus. Hypothalamic projections to the cerebral cortex appear to be organized in two major ways; cells in the tuberal lateral hypothalamus and supramammillary area have topographically ordered direct cortical projections and many use peptides as neurotransmitters. They may be involved in mediating specific behaviors, such as feeding, but also in arousal responses.

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