Is the Cerebellar Cortex a Biological Clock in the Millisecond Range?
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Cited by (232)
Emotional disorders and the cerebellum: Neurobiological substrates, neuropsychiatry, and therapeutic implications
2021, Handbook of Clinical NeurologyCitation Excerpt :The architecture of the cerebellar cortex has inspired other ideas about the nature of the cerebellar computation or transformation. These include motor learning that draws on the interaction of mossy fiber and climbing fiber inputs to the PC dendritic tree (Marr, 1969; Albus, 1971); generation of responses to sequences of events by the cerebellar cortex with its individual anatomic lines or beams (Eccles et al., 1967), thereby producing sequences of signals as output and acting as a biological clock in the millisecond range (Braitenberg, 1967; Braitenberg et al., 1997); function as a timing machine (Ivry and Keele, 1989) critical for error detection (Fiez et al., 1992; Ito, 2008); sequence learning (Molinari et al., 1997); automatization (Doyon et al., 1998); prediction and preparation (Akshoomoff et al., 1997; Sokolov et al., 2017); dynamic state monitoring (Paulin, 1993); sensory preprocessing of information (Bower, 1997); neuronal machine-like function with long-term depression supporting memory, encoding of internal models for motor control, as well as mental representations in the cerebral cortex (Ito, 2006, 2008); contributing to frontal lobe functions in the skilled manipulation of muscles, information, and ideas (Leiner et al., 1986); and implementing supervised learning using computational and engineering organizational principles (Raymond and Medina, 2018; see also Baumann et al., 2015). Finally, Popa and Ebner (2019) note that the cerebellum plays a key role in making predictions and updating and validating them with real-time feedback using both implicit and explicit internal forward models, thereby allowing fast execution of complex behaviors in variable contexts.
Cerebellar Lobulus Simplex and Crus I Differentially Represent Phase and Phase Difference of Prefrontal Cortical and Hippocampal Oscillations
2019, Cell ReportsCitation Excerpt :Cerebellar function has long been linked to tasks involving precise timing and temporal coordination (Braitenberg, 1967; Ivry et al., 2002) in sensory-motor tasks.
Temporal Processing in Audition: Insights from Music
2018, NeuroscienceThe Neural Basis of Timing: Distributed Mechanisms for Diverse Functions
2018, NeuronCitation Excerpt :Axonal time delays that contribute to the detection of interaural time delays in the range of tens of microseconds were among the first example of models of sensory timing (Jeffress, 1948). Later models attempted to extend these axonal delay line models to the range of tens to hundreds of milliseconds by proposing that the parallel fibers of cerebellar granule cells may function as delay lines on the order of tens-to-hundreds of milliseconds (Braitenberg, 1967). Today there is little experimental support for the notion that axonal (or dendritic) delay lines contribute to timing at intervals above tens of milliseconds.