Imaging functional activation of the auditory cortex during focal repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the primary motor cortex in normal subjects
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Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank Mrs. G. Dzewas and Mrs. C. Kruschke for their assistance during PET acquisition, and the staff of the Radiochemistry Section for their reliable supply of the radiopharmaceuticals. This study was supported by the Wilhelm Sander Stiftung, Munich, Germany and the SFB 462, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft.
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2022, Clinical NeurophysiologyCitation Excerpt :Combined TMS-neuroimaging studies can pinpoint brain activity changes that are elicited by sensory effects of TMS. In addition to its transcranial mode of action, TMS excites the brain through afferent neuronal channels activated by concurrent auditory and somatosensory stimulation (Bestmann et al., 2004; Siebner et al., 1999). TMS causes peripheral stimulation of the central nervous system through multiple channels, including peripheral receptors and peripheral myelinated axons.
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2022, Handbook of Clinical NeurologyCitation Excerpt :This is illustrated by intensity-dependent increases of BOLD response in voxels located within the primary auditory cortex (Bohning et al., 1999) and also by widespread cortical and subcortical activity in the auditory system cortex when TMS is applied to M1 (Bestmann et al., 2004). Similar observations have been made with other imaging modalities and appear to persist despite auditory protection (Siebner et al., 1999). For fMRI-TMS of the motor cortex, another confounding effect is caused by re-afferent somatosensory activation due to the evoked motor response, when using suprathreshold stimulation intensities.
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2021, NeuroImageCitation Excerpt :Later it was also shown that rCBF also increases in M1 during subthreshold rTMS, linearly scaling with stimulation frequency from 1 to 5 Hz (Siebner et al., 2001) and outlasting the stimulation period (Takano et al., 2004). Also 18-fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose (18FDG) PET has been used to measure glucose metabolism during 2 Hz rTMS, demonstrating for the first time an TMS click sound induced activation of the primary auditory cortex (Siebner et al., 1999b). While also 11C raclopride PET has been used to show extracellular dopamine concentration in the caudate nucleus following 10 Hz rTMS (Strafella et al., 2001), no concurrent PET-TMS studies have been conducted with these kind of ligands up to date.
Callosal anisotropy predicts attentional network changes after parietal inhibitory stimulation
2021, NeuroImageCitation Excerpt :It is noteworthy that the left STG cluster that increased RSFC with the right PPC seed is close to Heschl's gyrus where early cortical auditory processing occurs (Tzourio et al., 1997). This change in RSFC cannot be attributed to the TMS auditory artifact (Siebner et al., 1999), since the connectivity change was unilateral, whereas the auditory artifact is binaural and the direction of change was not identical in the PPC and vertex conditions where the auditory stimulation was comparable. Despite our aim to investigate the effect of inhibitory TMS over the PPC at the group level, we recognize the importance of idiosyncrasies in functional brain organization (Lynch et al., 2019).