Endothelin converting enzyme-1-, endothelin-1-, and endothelin-3-like immunoreactivity in the rat brain
Section snippets
Experimental procedures
Adult male Wistar rats (250–400 g; Charles River, Wilmington, MA and Harlan Sprague Dawley, Indianapolis, IN) were perfused transaortically with 4.0% paraformaldehyde, under sodium pentobarbital anesthesia. The brain was immediately removed and placed in 4.0% paraformaldehyde/20% sucrose in 0.01 M sodium phosphate-buffered normal saline (PBS) pH 7.4, at 4°C overnight. Eighty-micrometer brain sections were obtained using a freezing, sliding microtome. The sections were placed in PBS, for three
Results
In general, the pattern of ECE-1-like immunoreactivity was similar to endothelin-1-like and endothelin-3-like immunoreactivity. The distribution of ECE-1- and endothelin-1-like immunoreactivity in serial coronal sections is illustrated in Fig. 1. The immunoreactivities to endothelin-1 and endothelin-3 were less robust than those obtained with antibodies to ECE-1. These markers for putative endothelinergic neurons were distributed in all parts of the neuraxis, including neurons in neo-, archi-,
Discussion
Some of the most striking and robust ECE-1-like immunoreactivity was seen in the reticular nucleus of the thalamus, medial preoptic nucleus, pontine nucleus, locus coeruleus, and cranial motor nuclei. Very intense ECE-1-like immunoreactivity was displayed by the Purkinje cells in the cerebellum. Also, pyramidal neurons throughout the neocortex, primarily in layer V, in addition to a subset of neurons in layers III, IV, and VI were ECE-1-immunoreactive.
Previous studies using antibodies directed
References (62)
- et al.
Presence of immunoreactive endothelin in human plasma
Fedn Eur. biochem. Socs Lett.
(1989) - et al.
Neuropeptides within the nucleus tractus solitarii modulate the central cardiovascular control process
Prog. Brain Res.
(1992) - et al.
Modulation of endothelin-1 production by a pulmonary epithelial cell line I. Regulation by glucocorticoids
Biochem. Pharmac.
(1994) - et al.
Dose-related potent brain stimulation by the neuropeptide endothelin-1 after intraventricular administration in conscious rats
Pharmac. Biochem. Behav.
(1995) - et al.
The membranes of cultured rat brain astrocytes contain endothelin-converting enzyme activity
Eur. J. Pharmac.
(1995) - et al.
FR139317, a specific endothelinA-receptor antagonist, inhibits cerebral activation by intraventricular endothelin-1 in conscious rats
Neuropharmacology
(1994) - et al.
Presence of endothelin-1-like immunoreactivity in human cerebrospinal fluid
Biochem. biophys. Res. Commun.
(1990) - et al.
Autoradiographic visualization of the binding sites for [125I]endothelin in rat and human brain
Neurosci. Lett.
(1989) - et al.
Endothelin-3 stimulates the release of catecholamine from cortical and striatal slices of the rat
Neurosci. Lett.
(1992) - et al.
Reactive astrocytes in viral infections of the human brain express endothelin-like immunoreactivity
J. neurol. Sci.
(1994)
Endothelins—from receptors to medicine
Trends pharmac. Sci.
Vasoconstrictor response of large cerebral arteries of cats to endothelin, an endothelium-derived vasoactive peptide
Eur. J. Pharmac.
Identification and characterization of two isoforms of an endothelin-converting enzyme-1
Fedn Eur. biochem. Socs Lett.
Neuroendocrine actions of endothelins
Trends pharmac. Sci.
Endothelin acts at the subfornical organ to influence the activity of putative vasopressin and oxytocin-secreting neurons
Brain Res.
ECE-1: a membrane-bound metalloprotease that catalyzes the proteolytic activation of big endothelin-1
Cell
Astrocytes in Alzheimer's disease express immunoreactivity to the vasoconstrictor endothelin-1
J. neurol. Sci.
Role of endothelin in pial artery vasoconstriction and altered response to vasopressin after brain injury
J. Neurosurg.
Metallopeptidase inhibitors induce an up-regulation of endothelin-coverting enzyme levels and its redistribution from the plasma membrane to an intracellular compartment
J. Cell Sci.
Endothelin levels increase in rat focal and global ischemia
J. cerebr. Blood Flow Metab.
Endothelin: a knockout in London
Trends pharmac. Sci.
Effects of endothelin-1 and endothelin-3 on rat hypothalamic corticotrophin-releasing hormone and pituitary ACTH release in vitro
J. Endocr.
Systemic administration of an inhibitor of endothelin-converting enzyme for attenuation of cerebral vasospasms following experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage
J. Neurosurg.
Decreased production of endothelin-1 in asthmatic children after immunotherapy
J. Asthma
Increased endothelin-like immunoreactivity in ibotenic acid-lesioned hippocampal formation of the rat brain
Acta physiol. scand.
Implication of different endothelin receptors in the vascular action of a hypertensive dose of endothelin-1 in rat
J. cardiovasc. Pharmac.
Cardiopulmonary effects of endothelin-1 in the guinea pig: role of thrombozane A2
J. cardiovasc. Pharmac.
Endothelin-converting enzyme-2 is a membrane-bound, phosphoramidon-sensitive metalloprotease with acidic pH optimum
J. biol. Chem.
Co-expression of endothelin-1 and endothelin-converting enzyme-1 in patients with chronic rhinitis
Am. J. Respir. Cell molec. Biol.
Localization of endothelin in the blood–brain interphase in rat hippocampus after global cerebral ischemia
Folia neuropath.
Topographical localisation of endothelin mRNA and peptide immunoreactivity in neurones of the human brain
Histochemistry
Cited by (49)
Role of endothelin receptor type A on catecholamine regulation in the olfactory bulb of DOCA-salt hypertensive rats: Hemodynamic implications
2019, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta - Molecular Basis of DiseaseThe pathophysiological role of astrocytic endothelin-1
2016, Progress in NeurobiologyCitation Excerpt :In both rodent and human CNS, immunostaining for ET-1 has been demonstrated in neurons of the cerebral cortex, diencephalon, brainstem, cerebellum, basal ganglia, amygdala, hippocampus, hypothalamus, pituitary gland and spinal cord, epithelial cells of the choroid plexus, and endothelial cells of the microvasculature (Giaid et al., 1991; Jiang et al., 1992; Lee et al., 1990b; Naidoo et al., 2004a). ET-3 was also found in neurons, but in much lower concentrations (Khimji and Rockey, 2010; Sluck et al., 1999). For a detailed description of the cellular distribution of the ET receptors in different human brain regions we refer to the work of Naidoo and colleagues (Naidoo et al., 2004a).
Regulation of the Norepinephrine Transporter by Endothelins: A potential therapeutic target
2015, Vitamins and HormonesCitation Excerpt :ET-1 increases the expression of several proto-oncogenes (c-myc, c-fos, and c-jun) in the vascular smooth muscle (Chen, Qiong, & Gardner, 2006; Herman & Simonson, 1995; Hynynen & Khalil, 2006). Radioautographic studies show the presence of binding sites for ETs in endocrine and neuroendocrine organs like the hypothalamus, pituitary, and the adrenal gland supporting ETs modulation of the endocrine function (Filosa et al., 2012; Hatae et al., 2007; Hynynen & Khalil, 2006; Kurokawa et al., 2000; Kuwaki et al., 1997; Sluck et al., 1999; Yamamoto & Uemura, 1998). Other studies from our laboratory show that centrally applied ET-1 and ET-3 induce either cholestasis or choleresis depending on the dose (Rodríguez et al., 2005, 2006).
Endothelin-A receptor antagonist BQ123 potentiates acetaminophen induced hypothermia and reduces infarction following focal cerebral ischemia in rats
2010, European Journal of PharmacologyCitation Excerpt :It has been shown that endothelin is produced in the preoptic area of the anterior hypothalamus which is a thermoregulatory center (Fabricio et al., 2005). It has been shown that high levels of endothelin converting enzyme-1, endothelin-1 mRNA, and endothelin-1 are present in this area of the brain (Kurokawa et al., 2000; Sluck et al., 1999). Endothelin-1 injection in the preoptic area of the brain induces fever and appears to be important in thermoregulation (Fabricio et al., 2005, 2006).