Research reportBaseline hippocampal theta oscillation speeds correlate with rate of operant task acquisition
Introduction
Hippocampal theta oscillations (HTOs) are strongly synchronized electroencephalograms generated by the brain, and occur in the 4–11 Hz frequency range [1], [2]. Previous research has provided clear evidence that HTOs are triggered by novel stimulation [3], and several types of learning such as operant conditioning [4], [5]. While HTOs during waking (WK) are typically accompanied by increased alertness [1], [6], [7], they are also a typical marker of paradoxical sleep (PS; also known as rapid eye movement sleep). Several lines of evidence suggest that HTOs play a prominent role in the acquisition and processing of new memories. Theta oscillations are always present across hippocampus when animals explore a novel environment [3], [8]. Additionally, neuronal populations across hippocampus and prefrontal cortex involved in spatial memory formation, and local field potentials across amygdala involved in fear conditioning and the formation of emotional memories, phase-lock to HTOs [9], [10]. Furthermore, septal lesions which abolish HTOs are associated with profound anterograde amnesia [11]. Together these findings implicate this form of neural oscillation as an important modulator of learning processes.
Despite the compelling evidence supporting HTOs as a critical modulator of information storage, the exact nature of the relationship between this oscillatory neural mode and behavioral learning rates has yet to be determined. Several studies using concurrent electrophysiological recordings have shown that HTO power increases with task difficulty [12] and decreases as learning progresses [13]. Moreover, one classical study utilizing electrophysiological data recorded immediately prior to task performance showed that HTO power predicts learning rates across animals [14]. Unfortunately, these studies did not temporally dissociate their electrophysiological recordings from periods of behavioral task performance. Given that both HTO power and learning rates vary with attention state [15], [16], additional study is necessary in order to elucidate the relationship between basal HTO properties and learning rates. Here we demonstrate that the mean frequency of HTOs during baseline periods positively correlates with learning rates across rodents performing a long-term operant conditioning learning task. Moreover, this relationship is observed during both quiet waking and PS. Thus, our findings provide the first experimental evidence correlating the mean frequency of hippocampal theta oscillations with learning rates across different animals.
Section snippets
Animal care and use
All experimental procedures were designed to avoid discomfort of the animals, and were in strict accordance with Brazilian Federal Animal Welfare of Health Guidelines and the University of Sao Paulo Animal Care and Use Committee on animal well being. Male Whistar rats (n = 9) weighing a mean of 380 g were used for all experiments presented. Rats were housed in individual cages at 20–25 °C, in a 12/12 h light/dark cycle. Food restriction was initiated 5 days before training; animals were fed 20 g of
Results
Nine male Whistar rats were subjected to an operant behavioral learning task across 15 days. As expected, learning occurred in a stepwise manner over several daily 1-h sessions, with considerable variation among animals. For example, the fastest learner reached >90% of correct performance in as little as 9 days, while the slowest learner failed to reach the same criterion even after 15 days of continuous training (Fig. 1). The slope of the learning curve was determined by linear regression and
Discussion
Theta rhythm patterns were first recorded in rabbits in 1938 by Jung and Kornmüller [20], and have since been identified and studied extensively in many different species, including humans [5], [12], [21], [22], [23]. Nevertheless, the neurophysiological role of theta oscillations remains largely unknown. One classic study successfully demonstrated that learning rates correlated with normalized HTO power observed prior to task performance [14]; however, this study did not temporally dissociate
Acknowledgments
We thank Dr. György Buzsáki for insightful comments and critical reading of this manuscript. Work supported by NIH and FAPESP grant.
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Deaseased (1924–2005).