Original ArticleExpectation Modulates Human Brain Responses to Acute Cocaine: A Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study
Section snippets
Human Subjects and Drug Run-Up
Detailed inclusion and exclusion criteria as well as run-up procedures for the participants were described previously in the literature (17, 22). In brief, 26 right-handed non–treatment-seeking regular cocaine abusers from the greater Milwaukee area participated in this study. A consent form approved by the Institutional Review Board was obtained from each subject before any experiments were conducted. During the consent process, participants were informed that they might receive either saline
Behavioral Measures
Throughout each fMRI run, the subject reported his or her subjective feelings of five variables by moving a joystick-controlled cursor below VAS ratings of high, craving, pleasant, nervous, and sour (Figure 1B). After cocaine infusion, there were several behavioral VAS ratings that significantly changed. For example, the mean of the high VAS ratings was significantly elevated from pre-infusion baseline levels in both the unexpected-cocaine (UC) (two-sample unpaired t test, p < .005) and
Discussion
Expected- and unexpected-cocaine infusion activated a common set of neural substrates. The brain areas commonly activated by expected- and unexpected-cocaine infusion (Table 1, Table 2) are in general agreement with results of our previous study (17), with additional loci of activation due to the whole-brain coverage of the BOLD acquisition. This pattern might indicate a set of neural substrates related to the pharmacological and behavioral effects of cocaine. The ventral striatum (NAc and
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