Special issue: ReviewSources of adaptation of inferior temporal cortical responses
Section snippets
Short-term adaptation: paradigm and phenomenology of adaptation effects
In this paper, I will discuss the underlying mechanisms of adaptation in macaque IT, relating these to observations made in single unit recording studies. I will discuss mainly short-term adaptation studies, in which the stimuli are presented for relatively short durations (as in most fMRI-adaptation studies) and without intervening stimuli (unlike in “priming” – related studies). It is well possible that the mechanisms of short-term adaptation differ at least to some extent from those
Response fatigue
The mechanism initially thought to underlie repetition suppression and commonly assumed in accounts of fMRI adaptation is spike frequency-dependent “fatigue” or “response fatigue”: firing spikes will decrease the firing rate of the neuron during subsequent stimulation. Such spiking-dependent suppression has been demonstrated in the primary visual cortex of cats (Sanchez-Vives et al., 2000a, Sanchez-Vives et al., 2000b). In these studies, it was shown that an artificial membrane depolarization
Attention and adaptation effects
Stimulus-specific adaptation may be related to differences in attention between the adapter and test stimuli: a repeated stimulus may be attended less than a “novel” stimulus and this decreased attention corresponds to a suppressed neural response to the repeated stimulus. Note that this can mean that a repeated stimulus engages less bottom-up, exogeneous attention or that a repeated stimulus will engage less top-down, endogenous attention. The former possibility leads to a chicken and egg
Adaptation as a manifestation of a reduced prediction error
A recent alternative model of adaptation stresses the role of top-down factors in generating repetition suppression (Friston, 2005, Summerfield et al., 2008). In that model, repetition suppression is a consequence of the fulfillment of perceptual expectations or of a reduced mismatch between expected and observed percepts, i.e., a reduced prediction error. Thus, repetition suppression should occur when the subject expects that a stimulus will be repeated (low prediction error), and there should
Function of adaptation in IT
Speculating about the function of adaptation and repetition suppression in IT is difficult given our current lack of a precise understanding of the mechanisms underlying adaptation. However, the known phenomenology of adaptation effects in IT and the effect of adaptation on neural representations can be of help in building a hypothesis about the function of adaptation in IT. Adaptation reduces selectively the response to a stimulus that is identical to the one seen recently. Kaliukhovich, De
Acknowledgments
The author would like to thank the contributions of Dr. H. Sawamura, Dr. W. De Baene and Dr. D. Kaliukhovich to the work reviewed here. Also, I would like to thank D. Kaliukhovich, P. Kuravi and K. Vinken for critical reading of a draft of this paper. The work from the author's laboratory was supported by Fonds voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek Vlaanderen (G.0582.12N), Interuniversitaire Attractiepool and Programma Financiering (PF 10/008) and the European Community's Seventh Framework Program
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