Molecular neuroscienceElimination of neurokinin-1 receptor neurons in caudal nucleus reverses the effects of systemic bicuculline on c-Fos expression in rat trigeminal sensory nucleus: I. High intensity electrical stimulation of the trigeminal ganglion
Section snippets
Surgical operation
Experiments were conducted on 24 male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 180–200g (Keari Co. Ltd, Osaka, Japan). Under anesthesia with Na-pentobarbital (50mg/kg i.p.), the animal was fixed to a stereotaxic apparatus and 5μl of 5μM SP-Sap (Advanced Targeting Systems, San Diego, CA, USA), non-conjugated (blank) saporin (Bl-Sap; Advanced Targeting Systems) or physiological saline (Sal) was injected into the cerebellomedullary cistern (cisterna magna) through posterior atlanto-occipital membrane. Two to
Effects of SP-Sap treatment on the immunoreactivity for NK-1
In Sal- and Bl-Sap-treated controls, immunoreactivity for NK-1 was recognized mostly in lamina I, and modestly in superficial lamina III of the Vc (Fig. 1). There was no labeling in the rostral TSN above the obex. The labeled neurons in lamina I extended tangential dendrites (Fig. 1) and made a relatively dense network in lamina I. In lamina III, smaller numbers of labeled neurons demonstrated several superficially oriented dendrites extending to lamina I. In Sal- and Bl-Sap-treated controls,
Technical consideration
The stimulation intensity-specific expression of c-Fos in the TSN has been precisely reported for two different intensities of electrical stimulation (Takemura et al 2000a, Takemura et al 2000b). The lower stimulus intensity (0.1mA) causes an excitation of A-fibers, but not C-fibers, while the higher stimulus (1.0mA) stimulates larger and at least some smaller caliber afferents (C-fibers) (Woolf and Wall, 1982). These findings were further supported by the studies of C-fiber components and
Acknowledgments
We thank D. M. Donovan for critical revision of the manuscript. This work was supported by a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research© from the Ministry of Education, Science/Sports and Culture of Japan (15591929).
References (70)
- et al.
The distribution of binding by isolectin I-B4 from Griffonia in the trigeminal ganglion and brainstem trigeminal nuclei in the rat
Neuroscience
(1992) - et al.
7-Nitro-indazole, a selective inhibitor of neuronal nitric oxide synthase, reduces formalin evoked c-Fos expression in dorsal horn neurons of the rat spinal cord
Brain Res
(1995) - et al.
Spinoparabrachial tract neurons showing substance P receptor-like immunoreactivity in the lumbar spinal cord of the rat
Brain Res
(1995) - et al.
Substance P receptor (neurokinin-1)-expressing neurons in lamina I of the spinal cord encode for the intensity of noxious stimulationa c-Fos study in rat
Neuroscience
(1999) - et al.
GABAergic modulation of nociceptive thresholdeffects of THIP and bicuculline microinjected in the ventral medulla of the rat
Brain Res
(1988) Termination in trigeminal nucleus oralis of ascending intratrigeminal axons originating from neurons in the medullary dorsal hornAn HRP study in the rat employing light and electron microscopy
Brain Res
(1984)- et al.
Inputs to trigeminal brain stem neurons from facial, oral, tooth pulp and pharyngolaryngeal tissues: II. Role of trigeminal nucleus caudalis in modulating responses to innocuous and noxious stimuli
Brain Res
(1976) - et al.
GABA-mediated inhibition in rostral ventromedial medullarole in nociceptive modulation in the lightly anesthetized rat
Pain
(1991) NK1 (substance P) receptor antagonistswhy are they not analgesic in humans?
Trends Pharmacol Sci
(2000)- et al.
Does intravenous administration of GABAA receptor antagonists induce both descending antinociception and touch-evoked allodynia
Pain
(1998)
Distribution of trigeminothalamic and spinothalamic tract neurons showing substance P receptor-like immunoreactivity in the rat
Brain Res
Glycine and GABAA antagonists reduce the inhibition of primate spinothalamic tract neurons produced by stimulation in periaqueductal gray
Brain Res
Autoradiographic localization of substance P ligand binding sites and distribution of immunoreactive neurons in the periaqueductal gray of the rat
Brain Res
Distribution of the substance P receptor (NK-1 receptor) in the central nervous system
Mol Brain Res
Setting the tonesuperficial dorsal horn projection neurons regulate pain sensitivity
Trends Neurosci
Neurokinin-1 receptors on lumbar spinothalamic neurons in the rat
Neuroscience
Antinociception produced by microinjection of L-glutamate into the ventromedial medulla of the ratmediation by spinal GABAA receptors
Brain Res
Receptor systems mediating c-fos expression within trigeminal nucleus caudalis in animal models of migraine
Brain Res Rev
Changing pattern of c-fos expression in spinal cord neurons after electrical stimulation of the chronically injured sciatic nerve in the rat
Neuroscience
Ascending and descending internuclear projections within the trigeminal sensory nuclear complex
Exp Brain Res
Descending modulation in persistent painan update
Pain
Presynaptic regulation of spinal cord tachykinin signaling via GABAB but not GABAA receptor activation
Neuroscience
Effects of 4-aminopyridine, GABA and bicuculline on cutaneous receptive fields of cat dorsal horn neurons
Brain Res
Tooth extraction-induced internalization of the substance P receptor in trigeminal nucleus and spinal cord neuronsimaging the neurochemistry of dental pain
Pain
Blockade of GABAA receptors in the midbrain periaqueductal gray abolishes nociceptive specific dorsal horn neuronal activity
Eur J Pharmacol
GABAergic mechanisms of analgesiaAn update
Pharmacol Biochem Behav
Reduced aversion to oral capsaicin following neurotoxic destruction of superficial medullary neurons expressing NK-1 receptors
Brain Res
Trigeminal primary projection to the rat brain stem sensory trigeminal nuclear complex and surrounding structures revealed by anterograde transport of cholera toxin B subunit-conjugated and Bandeiraea simplicifolia isolectin B4-conjugated horseradish peroxidase
Neurosci Res
The coding of noxious mechanical and thermal stimuli of deep dorsal horn neurons is attenuated in NK1 knockout mice
Neuropharmacology
GABAA receptor-mediated effects on expression of c-Fos in rat trigeminal nucleus following high- and low-intensity afferent stimulation
Neuroscience
Some inhibitory neurons in the spinal cord develop c-fos-immunoreactivity after noxious stimulation
Neuroscience
Modulation of spinal excitabilityco-operation between neurokinin and excitatory amino acid neurotransmitters
Trends Neurosci
Intrathecal substance P-saporin attenuates operant escape from nociceptive thermal stimuli
Neuroscience
Ascending connections from the caudal part to the oral part of the spinal trigeminal nucleus in the rat
Neuroscience
Low doses of N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonists in superficial laminae of medulla oblongata facilitate wind-up of convergent neurons
Neuroscience
Cited by (15)
Selective elimination of isolectin B4-binding trigeminal neurons enhanced formalin-induced nocifensive behavior in the upper lip of rats and c-Fos expression in the trigeminal subnucleus caudalis
2016, Neuroscience ResearchCitation Excerpt :(+)-Bicuculline (n = 6 each for 3surgical paradigms; 2 mg/kg, i.p.; Sigma, MO, U.S.A.), muscimol (n = 6 each for 3surgical paradigms; 1 mg/kg, i.p.; Research Organics, OH, U.S.A.), or Sal for the control (n = 6 each for 3surgical paradigms) was injected in a volume of 1 ml/kg body weight 10 min before the formalin injection. This dose was sufficient for binding to GABAA receptors (Sawynok, 1987; Takemura et al., 2000; Abe et al., 2005; Sugiyo et al., 2009). All drugs used were diluted in saline and administered in a volume of 1 ml/kg body weight.
Peripheral and central alterations of pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide-like immunoreactivity in the rat in response to activation of the trigeminovascular system
2012, PeptidesCitation Excerpt :Another possibility via which to develop an activated state of the TS is electrical stimulation (ES) of the TRG. This is a well-described, widely used and generally certified method of TS activation with a broad range of stimulation parameters [1,9,41,45,72,73,84]. A similar effect can be evoked by ES of the superior sagittal sinus.
Knockdown of the tachykinin neurokinin 1 receptor by intrathecal administration of small interfering RNA in rats
2011, European Journal of PharmacologyCitation Excerpt :The contribution of tachykinin NK1 receptor to nociceptive processing has been basically evaluated by tachykinin NK1 receptor antagonism (Birch et al., 1992; Chapman et al., 1996; Iyengar et al., 1997; Luccarini et al., 2003; Yamamoto and Yaksh, 1991). Other approaches, such as knockout of the tachykinin NK1 receptor gene or down-regulation of tachykinin NK1 receptor, have confirmed the role of tachykinin NK1 receptor in nociceptive processing (Abe et al., 2005; De Felipe et al., 1988; Hua et al., 1998; Laird et al., 2001; Mansikka et al., 1999; Mantyh et al., 1997; Nichols et al., 1999; Suzuki et al., 2002, 2003; Wiley et al., 2007); however, these results have not always been consistent. Recently, RNA interference (RNAi) has emerged as a powerful technique to investigate gene functions (Clemens et al., 2000; Fire et al., 1998; Hannon, 2002; Kim et al., 2009; Lewis et al., 2002; Montgomery et al., 1998).
Dorsal horn NK1-expressing neurons control windup of downstream trigeminal nociceptive neurons
2008, PainCitation Excerpt :Such a difference suggests that only a subset of WDR nociceptive neurons is modulated by substance P released in the MDH. This conclusion is consistent with previous observations showing that only 40–60% of Fos expression in the spinal DH [11] and the MDH [7,48] is inhibited by NK1R antagonists or depletion of local NK1R-expressing neurons [1]. Accordingly, iontophoretically applied NK1R agonists affect only 60% of spinal WDR neurons [54].