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Precise inhibition is essential for microsecond interaural time difference coding

Nature volume 417, pages 543–547 (2002)Cite this article

Abstract

Microsecond differences in the arrival time of a sound at the two ears (interaural time differences, ITDs) are the main cue for localizing low-frequency sounds in space. Traditionally, ITDs are thought to be encoded by an array of coincidence-detector neurons, receiving excitatory inputs from the two ears via axons of variable length (‘delay lines’), to create a topographic map of azimuthal auditory space1,2. Compelling evidence for the existence of such a map in the mammalian lTD detector, the medial superior olive (MSO), however, is lacking. Equally puzzling is the role of a—temporally very precise3—glycine-mediated inhibitory input to MSO neurons. Using in vivo recordings from the MSO of the Mongolian gerbil, we found the responses of ITD-sensitive neurons to be inconsistent with the idea of a topographic map of auditory space. Moreover, local application of glycine and its antagonist strychnine by iontophoresis (through glass pipette electrodes, by means of an electric current) revealed that precisely timed glycine-controlled inhibition is a critical part of the mechanism by which the physiologically relevant range of ITDs is encoded in the MSO. A computer model, simulating the response of a coincidence-detector neuron with bilateral excitatory inputs and a temporally precise contralateral inhibitory input, supports this conclusion.

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Figure 1: ITD coding in the mammalian MSO.
Figure 2: Peaks of ITD functions are outside of the physiologically relevant range.
Figure 3: Effects of glycine and its antagonist strychnine in gerbil MSO neurons a, Peri-stimulus-time histogram showing precise phase-locking of a neuron in response to a 600-Hz pure tone.
Figure 4: Simulation of the shift in ITD caused by timed contralateral inhibition using a modified Hodgkin–Huxley model (see text).

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Acknowledgements

We thank G. Breutel for technical assistance, C. Kapfer for suggestions, and M. Goetz for critical comments on the manuscript. This work was supported by the German Research Foundation (A.B., O.B., B.G.) and by the Medical Research Council (T.M., D.M.).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Am Klopferspitz 18a, 82152, Martinsried, Germany

    Antje Brand, Oliver Behrend & Benedikt Grothe

  2. Department of Physiology, University College London, Gower Street, WC1E 6BT, London, UK

    Torsten Marquardt & David McAlpine

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Correspondence to Benedikt Grothe.

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Brand, A., Behrend, O., Marquardt, T. et al. Precise inhibition is essential for microsecond interaural time difference coding. Nature 417, 543–547 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1038/417543a

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