In the chick embryo, exogenous neurotrophin-3 (NT3) is sufficient to promote the differentiation of proprioceptive afferents even in the absence of limb muscle targets. To determine if NT3 can promote the differentiation of this phenotype in afferents with cutaneous targets, we analyzed the effects of chronic NT3 on cutaneous and muscle sensory neurons that express trkC, a receptor for NT3. In normal embryos, retrograde labeling and immunohistochemistry showed that about 75% of large-diameter muscle afferents express trkC, whereas only about 7% of large-diameter cutaneous afferents express this protein. After chronic treatment with NT3 during the cell death period, both populations of trkC(+) neurons were increased approximately twofold. Because this treatment is known to block cell death in sensory neurons, these results indicate that NT3 can promote the survival of both proprioceptive afferents and cutaneous afferents. To examine the phenotype of the cutaneous afferents rescued by NT3, we analyzed their projections and connections using transganglionic labeling and electrophysiological recording. The results indicate that exogenous NT3 neither altered the pattern of spinal projections nor caused cutaneous afferents to form monosynaptic connections with motor neurons. These results demonstrate that selective cell death does not contribute to the modality-specific pattern of spinal innervation and suggest that proprioceptive afferents may innervate muscle selectively.