Tonotopic and somatotopic representation in the nucleus basalis of the barn owl, Tyto alba

We have investigated the somatosensory and auditory representations in the nucleus basalis of the barn owl. In pigeons and finches, the nucleus basalis contains a representation of the beak and an auditory area. In the barn owl, the nucleus basalis also contains a complete somatotopic map of the head and body (as in the budgerigar), with a tonotopically organized auditory area in close proximity to the representation of the facial ruff and the preaural area. Recordings within and around the nucleus basalis revealed predominantly (about 80%) contralateral responses to somatic stimulation. The somatotopic map was oriented with the head down and rostral. Penetrations revealed an over-representation of the feet in dorsal basalis, followed by the rest of the body and wings more ventrally. Towards more rostral positions in nucleus basalis, responses from the head and beak predominated ventrally. The auditory response area was encountered below the region that responded to stimulation of the facial ruff and preaural flap regions and above a region responsive to beak stimulation. Auditory responses were tonotopically organized, with low best frequencies dorsal. Some penetrations yielded predominantly monaural responses with a fairly broad dynamic range, similar to those recorded from the ventral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus (LLV) and the cochlear nucleus angularis, whereas other penetrations contained predominantly binaural responses sensitive to interaural time differences (ITD). The physiological responses could be predicted on the basis of auditory projections to the nucleus basalis. An injection of biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) in the auditory region of nucleus basalis retrogradely labeled cells in both the caudal and rostral parts of the intermediate lateral lemniscal nucleus (LLIc and LLIr), and a few cells in the anterior part of the dorsal lateral lemniscal nucleus (LLDa, previously known as nucleus ventralis lemnisci lateralis, pars anterior, or VLVa) and in the posterior part of the dorsal lateral lemniscal nucleus (LLDp, previously known as nucleus ventralis lemnisci lateralis, pars posterior, or VLVp). A large injection of cholera toxin B-chain (CTB) into the nucleus basalis also produced dense retrograde labeling of a previously unidentified nucleus on the lateral aspect of the rostral pons, that we here call nucleus pontis externus (PE). An injection of CTB into PE produced dense retrograde labeling of the contralateral dorsal column nuclei and anterograde labeling of the ipsilateral lateral and dorsolateral nucleus basalis. Together these results define major somatosensory and auditory projections to the owl telencephalon that bypass the thalamus.