In the olfactory bulb of adult mice, new neurons are continually integrated into existing neuronal networks. Previous studies have demonstrated that exposure to a complex odor environment increases the incorporation of newborn bulbar neurons without modifying the proliferation rate. Whether this incorporation is transient or leads to the long-lasting presence of new neurons has not yet been answered. Because a transient increase of new neurons impacts olfactory information processing differently than a long-lasting increase, we conducted experiments to investigate the time course of survival and cell death of newly generated bulbar neurons following exposure to an enriched olfactory environment. Dividing cells were labeled with bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) and were counted at several survival time points thereafter. Interestingly, whereas the number of surviving BrdU-labeled cells was elevated at the time when animals were withdrawn from their enriched housing, this number returned to control level 1 month later. Similarly, when olfactory memory was investigated, we found that the improvement of short-term memory, induced by enriched odor exposure, lasted less than 1 month. These findings indicate not only that the recruitment of newborn neurons closely followed the degree of environment complexity, but also that olfactory memory is tightly associated with the level of ongoing neurogenesis in the adult olfactory bulb.