The Sialyltransferase 8B gene (SIAT8B) is located at 15q26, a susceptibility region for both schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. The protein encoded by this gene has an important role in neural development and sialic acid synthesis on the neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM). Previous research had indicated that the promoter region of SIAT8B is associated with schizophrenia in the Japanese population. To take this further we carried out an association study based on 643 unrelated schizophrenics and 527 unrelated healthy subjects, all Han Chinese, recruited from Shanghai. Although our results differed from those of the Japanese research, rs3759915, also located in the promoter region of SIAT8B, showed nominally significant association with schizophrenia (P=0.0036). Moreover, haplotypes constructed from rs3759915 and another two SNPs reported in the Japanese study (rs3759914 and rs3759916, also located in promoter region of SIAT8B) which located in the same LD block were significantly associated with schizophrenia (global P=0.0000050). Our findings indicate that SIAT8B may be a candidate susceptibility gene for schizophrenia in the Chinese Han population and may also provide further support for the potential importance of polysaccharide-synthesizing genes in the etiology of schizophrenia.