Since the first use of hydrogels as biomaterials, interest in synthetic hydrogels in medicine has increased considerably and the range of biomedical applications has expanded. This paper discusses a novel application of the use of synthetic hydrogels that are processed to serve as artificial matrices for neural tissue reconstruction, the delivery of cells and the promotion of axonal regeneration required for successful neurotransplantation. The possibility to create hydrogels with bioactive characteristics for neural cell adhesion and growth is also presented.