Immediate posttraining intraperitoneal injection of alpha-D[+]-glucose (30 mg/kg) facilitated, whereas a nonconvulsive dose of insulin (8 IU/kg) impaired, 24-h retention, in male Swiss mice, of a one-trial step-through inhibitory avoidance task. When mice were trained and received immediate post-training glucose or insulin injections and were tested for retention either 1 week or 1 month later, at each retention interval performance was comparable to that found with a 24-h retention interval. Thus, memory modulation by post-training administration of either glucose or insulin remain evident at long retention intervals.