We have studied the components of the short wavelength-sensitive (SWS or "blue") cone pathway in the retina of a New World primate, the marmoset Callithrix jacchus. Of particular interest was the small bistratified ganglion cell, which has been identified in macaque monkey to be the morphological substrate of the blue-ON cell (Dacey and Lee [1994] Nature 367:731-735). Small bistratified cells were intracellularly filled with Neurobiotin in an in vitro retinal wholemount preparation. Their morphology, size, and level of dendritic stratification were similar to their homologues in macaque and human retina. A number of different antibodies were applied to vertical cryostat sections, some of which were cut through the processes of injected small bistratified or parasol ganglion cells. We used antibodies against cholecystokinin (CCK) to label blue cone bipolar cells, and antibodies against the human SWS cone photopigment to label SWS cones. Double-labelled preparations showed that blue cone bipolar cell dendrites contact SWS cone pedicles, and the inner dendrites of the small bistratified cell are costratified with the axon terminals of blue cone bipolar cells. A monoclonal antibody against calbindin was used to label a subpopulation of bipolar cells that stratifies in the outer half of the inner plexiform layer. The axon terminals of these bipolar cells occasionally cross the outer dendrites of small bistratified cells and show extensive costratification with the dendrites of OFF parasol cells. We conclude that an SWS cone pathway with similar connectivity is a preserved feature of the primate visual system.