Rhesus monkeys with transection of the forebrain commissures were trained in two different tasks in which grating orientation was the discriminandum. In the temporal same-different task, the monkeys had to judge whether or not two successively presented gratings differed in orientation. In the identification task, we measured how well the monkey could judge the orientation of the grating. The performance in any task was affected neither by a unilateral anterior temporal cortical area lesion nor by a subsequent posterior temporal cortical area lesion in the same hemisphere resulting in a two-stage inferior temporal (IT) lesion. However, a single stage IT (combined anterior and posterior temporal cortical areas) lesion of the other hemisphere severely disrupted the performance in the temporal same-different task, but only barely increased just noticeable differences in orientation in the identification task. This indicates that the impairment in a temporal comparison task after an IT lesion is not due to a perceptual coding deficit, but is related to the temporal comparison per se. Thus, IT is involved in the temporal comparison of successively presented stimuli. On the other hand, the two IT lesions, each having a different history (single versus two stage) had dramatically different behavioural effects, suggesting an important role for adult brain plasticity in determining the behavioural outcome of a brain lesion.