Alcohol addiction is a chronic relapsing brain disease characterized by an impaired ability
to stop or control alcohol use despite adverse consequences. A main challenge of addiction …

Astrocytes provide structural and metabolic support of neuronal tissue, but may also be
involved in shaping synaptic output. To further define the role of striatal astrocytes in modulating …

Nociceptin/orphanin FQ (N/OFQ) is a 17 amino acid peptide that was deorphanized in 1995
and has been widely studied since. The role of the N/OFQ system in drug abuse has …

Fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) is an enzyme that prominently degrades the major
endocannabinoid N‐arachidonoylethanolamine (anandamide). Inhibition of this enzyme leads to …

An isoform of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), PPARγ, is the receptor
for the thiazolidinedione class of anti-diabetic medications including pioglitazone. …

Excessive fear is a hallmark of anxiety disorders, a major cause of disease burden
worldwide. Substantial evidence supports a role of prefrontal cortex-amygdala circuits in the …

Humans greatly differ in how they cope with stress, a natural behavior learnt through negative
reinforcement. Some individuals engage in displacement activities, others in exercise or …

Background Alcohol addiction is characterized by persistent neuroadaptations in brain
structures involved in motivation, emotion, and decision making, including the medial prefrontal …

Aims Despite a general decline in tobacco use in the last decades, the prevalence of
tobacco smoking in individuals with alcohol use disorder (AUD) remains substantial (45–50%). …

Background and Purpose The nociceptin/orphanin FQ (N/OFQ)–nociceptin opioid‐like peptide
(NOP) receptor system is widely distributed in the brain and pharmacological activation of …