Associating stimuli with positive or negative reinforcement is essential for survival, but a
complete wiring diagram of a higher-order circuit supporting associative memory has not been …

Drosophila vision is mediated by inputs from three types of photoreceptor neurons; R1–R6
mediate achromatic motion detection, while R7 and R8 constitute two chromatic channels. …

Learning and memory is not an attribute of higher animals. Even Drosophila larvae are able
to form and recall an association of a given odor with an aversive or appetitive gustatory …

Dopaminergic neurons (DANs) drive learning across the animal kingdom, but the upstream
circuits that regulate their activity and thereby learning remain poorly understood. We …

The brain adaptively integrates present sensory input, past experience, and options for future
action. The insect mushroom body exemplifies how a central brain structure brings about …

Insect mushroom bodies are required for diverse behavioral functions, including odor
learning and memory. Using the numerically simple olfactory pathway of the Drosophila …

Physical traces underlying simple memories can be confined to a single group of cells in the
brain. In the fly Drosophila melanogaster, the Kenyon cells of the mushroom bodies house …

Dopaminergic neurons serve multiple functions, including reinforcement processing during
associative learning [1–12]. It is thus warranted to understand which dopaminergic neurons …

The characteristic crawling behavior of Drosophila larvae consists of a series of rhythmic
waves of peristalsis and episodes of head swinging and turning. The two biogenic amines …

Histamine (HA) is the photoreceptor neurotransmitter in arthropods, directly gating chloride
channels on large monopolar cells (LMCs), postsynaptic to photoreceptors in the lamina. …